Is Resistance Futile?: Early Career Game Developers, Generative AI, and Ethical Skepticism

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Researchers and developers have seen much success in bringing AI to bear on major problems in the industry, such as cheat detection in competitive games, as well as to improve common development processes such as playtesting, bug reporting, and other labor intensive aspects of game production.

“Researchers and developers have seen much success in bringing AI to bear on major problems in the industry, such as cheat detection in competitive games [26], as well as to improve common development processes such as playtesting, bug reporting, and other labor intensive aspects of game production [17,42].”

• cites [26] 26. Aditya Jonnalagadda, Iuri Frosio, Seth Schneider, Morgan McGuire, and Joohwan Kim. 2021. Robust vision-based cheat detection in competitive gaming. Pro- ceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 4, 1 (2021), 1-18. sourceSupported
• cites [17] 17. Stefan Freyr Gudmundsson, Philipp Eisen, Erik Poromaa, Alex Nodet, Sami Pur- monen, Bartlomiej Kozakowski, Richard Meurling, and Lele Cao. 2018. Human- like playtesting with deep learning. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG). IEEE, 1-8. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [42] 42. Johannes Pfau, Jan David Smeddinck, and Rainer Malaka. 2017. Automated game testing with icarus: Intelligent completion of adventure riddles via unsupervised solving. In Extended abstracts publication of the annual symposium on computer- human interaction in play. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 153-164. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Games sit at the intersection of computational technologies, design, media, and arts, making them a rich domain for studying both the creation and impact of generative AI.

“As games sit at the intersection of computational technologies, design, media, and arts they are a rich domain for studying both the creation and impact of generative AI [31,55].”

• cites [31] 31. Antonios Liapis, Georgios N Yannakakis, and Julian Togelius. 2014. Computa- tional game creativity. 5th International Conference on Computational Creativity (ICCC) 2014.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [55] 55. Veera Vimpari, Annakaisa Kultima, Perttu Hämäläinen, and Christian Guckels- berger. 2023. " An Adapt-or-Die Type of Situation": Perception, Adoption, and Use of Text-To-Image-Generation AI by Game Industry Professionals. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.12601 (2023). sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Recent studies investigate the impact of technology on design and creative workflows, and the potential for its usage as a design support tool.

“This has resulted in a number of recent studies that investigate the impact of technology on design and creative workflows, and the potential for its usage as a design support tool (e.g.[2,11,20,24,58]).”

• cites [2] 2. Aakash Ahmad, Muhammad Waseem, Peng Liang, Mahdi Fahmideh, Mst Shamima Aktar, and Tommi Mikkonen. 2023. Towards human-bot collaborative software architecting with chatgpt. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 279-285. sourceSupported
• cites [11] 11. Sebastian Deterding, Jonathan Hook, Rebecca Fiebrink, Marco Gillies, Jeremy Gow, Memo Akten, Gillian Smith, Antonios Liapis, and Kate Compton. 2017. Mixed-initiative creative interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 628-635. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Background (page not available) discusses how mixed-initiative interfaces can support creative work, including accelerating iterative exploration. But this paper is a workshop proposal that describes potential benefits and research directions; our copy does not show it investigating technology’s actual impact on design or creative workflows. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [20] 20. Maria Hartikainen, Kaisa Väänänen, Anu Lehtiö, Saara Ala-Luopa, and Thomas Olsson. 2022. Human-Centered AI Design in Reality: A Study of Developer Companies' Practices: A study of Developer Companies' Practices. In Nordic human-computer interaction conference. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1-11. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [24] 24. Nanna Inie, Jeanette Falk, and Steve Tanimoto. 2023. Designing Participatory AI: Creative Professionals' Worries and Expectations about Generative AI. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1-8. sourceSupported
• cites [58] 58. Georgios N Yannakakis, Antonios Liapis, and Constantine Alexopoulos. 2014. Mixed-initiative co-creativity. In 9th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. Foundations of Digital Games, Fort Lauderdale, 1-8.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 2023 SIP intern cohort is more diverse than the games industry overall.

“Self-reported demographic information from a survey sent out by the program's Managing Director-which was completed by 19 (out of 26) internsreveals that this group is more diverse than the games industry overall [28].”

• cites [28] 28. Shruti Kumar, Eva Kwan, Johanna Weststar, and Trevor Coppins. 2021. Diversity in the Game Industry Report. Developer Satisfaction Survey 2021 (2021).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Towards the second half of the program, new perspectives around GAI tools began to emerge.

“Towards the second half of the program, as the practices of the interns became more ingrained, new perspectives around GAI tools began to emerge, allowing us to expand on our initial findings regarding tool usage.”

May combine two claims.

Early career game developers are trying not only to navigate new technical capabilities, but also to develop ethical attitudes, investigate new workflows, and develop fluency in AI technologies.

“Our findings show that early career game developers are trying not only to navigate new technical capabilities, but also to develop ethical attitudes, investigate new workflows, and develop fluency in AI technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The artist interns in our study report harms to individual reputation, intellectual property, and financial risk.

“Jiang et al. find that artists identify harms to individual reputation, intellectual property, and financial risk that the artist interns in our study also report [25], and makes recommendations for policy change and counter-AI technologies to counteract these harms.”

May combine two claims.

Our study of the SIP community revealed predominantly a sense of resistance against the use of GAI and skepticism over both its utility and appropriateness.

“Our study of this community revealed predominantly a sense of resistance against the use of GAI and skepticism over both its utility and appropriateness.”

May combine two claims.

Programming interns initially had ethical concerns about GAI but changed their perspectives over time.

“The use of this technology brought some ethical concerns at first, but programming interns changed their perspectives over time.”

May combine two claims.

The SIP interns actively responded to the possibilities and limits of GAI tools, unlike the popular hype in which GAI is imposed with anticipation of increased efficiency.

“Although many in the game development industry have found themselves in a popular hype in which GAI is being 'imposed' on them with an anticipation of increased efficiency, the SIP interns actively responded to the possibilities and limits of GAI tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Programmers seemed to accept GAI as an eventual inevitability.

“And the programmers seemed to accept GAI as an eventual inevitability:”

May combine two claims.

The early career game developers in the study see their future connected to others in the industry, unlike the methodological individualism of economic impact predictions.

“Unlike the 'methodological individualism' of future predictions of economic impact, the early career game developers we worked with see their future connected to others in the industry.”

May combine two claims.

With this shift, GAI stopped registering as a potential ethical problem for programming interns' work, even though some continued to acknowledge ethical questions in non-programming applications.

“With this shift, GAI stopped registering as a potential ethical problem for their work even though some of them continued to acknowledge ethical questions in non-programming applications of GAI.”

May combine two claims.

Programmers found GAI tools to meaningfully assist in their workflows, increasing efficiency and quality of their work.

“Programmers, in contrast, found GAI tools to meaningfully assist in their workflows, increasing efficiency and quality of their work.”

May combine two claims.

Programming interns viewed bits of code as a solution to a problem rather than something that belongs to them, and therefore had fewer issues using technology trained on data that may have been scraped from the internet.

“Programming interns expressed that they viewed bits of code as a solution to a problem rather than something that belongs to them, and therefore had fewer issues using technology trained on data that may have been scraped from the internet.”

May combine two claims.

Artists perceived more vulnerability to lose jobs or to have a less satisfying and meaningful experience in performing their work, and expressed that the tools at their disposal were not designed for them.

“Contrarily, artists perceived more vulnerability to lose jobs or to have a less satisfying and meaningful experience in performing their work; they also expressed that the tools at their disposal were simply not designed for them.”

May combine two claims.

SIP gave interns freedom to use GAI, with no requirement to do so.

“One key difference between SIP and a more traditional professional workplace is the amount of freedom given to the interns.While they were all encouraged to use GAI, there was no requirement to do so.”

May combine two claims.

The interns showed initial resistance and continuing reluctance to use GAI.

“Given the massive amount of media attention given to GAI, we were surprised to find the interns' initial resistance and continuing reluctance to use it.”

May combine two claims.

With the exception of some programmers, students largely rejected GAI as misaligned with their process, resulting in concerns about utility and efficacy.

“With the exception of some of the programmers, who were capable of identifying similarities between using GAI and other forms of searching for solutions, students largely rejected GAI as being in misalignment with their process, resulting in concerns about both utility and efficacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The SIP director hoped to prepare interns for the uncertain future, in alignment with common motivations for incorporating AI into game design.

“The SIP director hoped to prepare the interns for the uncertain future, in alignment with common motivations for incorporating AI into the game design process [9], but many interns interpreted the push for using GAI as motivated by managerial concerns for efficiency.”

• cites [9] 9. Michael Cook. 2022. Optimists at Heart: Why Do We Research Game AI?. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) (Beijing, China). IEEE, IEEE, 560-567. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Artists expressed viewpoints on data training and compensation practices.

“Artists also expressed viewpoints on data training and compensation practices:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The SIP director expected the game industry to use GAI tools as long as they can do so without getting sued.

“This was in contrast to the expectations of the director:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some interns believed that those without the knowledge and experience necessary to leverage GAI may be left behind in professional contexts.

“Some also believed that those without the knowledge and experience necessary to leverage this technology game may be left behind in professional contexts.”

May combine two claims.

Artists grappled with more nuanced challenges; GAI tools available at the time for artists focused on generating the final artistic product, which interns struggled to integrate into their process without dramatically changing how they work.

“The artists, on the other hand, grappled with more nuanced challenges; the GAI tools available at the time for artists were focused on generating the final artistic product, which the interns struggled to integrate into their process without dramatically changing how they work.”

May combine two claims.

Programmers initially hesitated to integrate GAI tools into their workflow, but their viewpoint shifted when they found practical, easy-to-implement methods to leverage specific tools in support of their typical workflow.

“While programmers hesitated to integrate GAI tools into their workflow initially, their viewpoint of the technology shifted when they found practical, easy-to-implement methods to leverage specific tools in support of their typical workflow.”

May combine two claims.

The interns did not use video generation tools, and there was only one intern responsible for audio content.

“For example, the interns did not use video generation tools, and there was only one intern who was responsible for audio content.”

May combine two claims.

The interns often integrated their comments about ethical concerns with GAI with their practical concerns; this was especially notable for programmers, one of whom treated ethical concerns as easily overcome once they found utility.

“We note that the interns often integrated their comments about ethical concerns with GAI with their practical concerns; this is especially notable for programmers, one of whom treated the ethical concerns as ones that were easily overcome once they found utility in the tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The collection of this data was expected to pose minimal to no risk to the research participants.

“The focus of all recorded data was on professional activities from a public-facing organization, and therefore the collection of this data was expected to pose minimal to no risk to the research participants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participant observation provided critical context in analyzing the interview quotes and played a vital role in forming our conclusions.

“While the data collection from participant observation did not generate quotable material for publication, these aspects of our research provided critical context in analyzing the interview quotes and played a vital role in forming our conclusions.”

May combine two claims.

Developers have found limitations in the variety of content generators are able to produce; players are often capable of identifying patterns between generated content.

“Furthermore, developers have found limitations in the variety of content generators are able to produce; players are often capable of identifying patterns between generated content [47].”

• cites [47] 47. Emily Short. 2016. Bowls of Oatmeal and Text Generation. https://emshort.blog/ 2016/09/21/bowls-of-oatmeal-and-text-generation/.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interviews with SIP participants and observation of the program were the most effective research method due to the highly contextual nature of the games industry.

“Interviews with SIP participants and observation of the program were the most effective research method due to the highly contextual nature of the games industry.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Each week of the 11-week program, the research team performed an iterative coding process-gathered field notes and interview data were reviewed, discussed, and coded, allowing each week's progress to inform further interpretation of the data.

“Each week of the 11-week program, the research team performed an iterative coding process-gathered field notes and interview data were reviewed, discussed, and coded, allowing each week's progress to inform further interpretation of the data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The research conducted by the authors remains independent, and our research activities did not interfere with SIP activities.

“The research conducted by the authors remains independent, and our research activities did not interfere with SIP activities even though our conversations with the directors revealed an alignment between our research and the motivations of SIP.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The experiences of our embedded research better allowed us to capture the richness of perspectives conveyed in interviews, as well as elements that could not be captured in the interviews.

“The experiences of our embedded research better allowed us to capture the richness of perspectives conveyed in interviews, as well as elements that could not be captured in the interviews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Generative AI offers potential to expand the type of content that can be generated, such as more complex generative audio and music used to increase variety and interactivity of game music compared to non-generative methods, as well as the range of users that can make use of generators; producing content using GAI can take less programming expertise than PCG, instead relying on prompt design技能.

“Generative AI offers potential to expand the type of content that can be generated, such as more complex generative audio and music used to increase variety and interactivity of game music compared to non-generative methods [44], as well as the range of users that can make use of generators; producing content using GAI can take less programming expertise than PCG, instead relying on prompt design”

• cites [44] 44. Cale Plut and Philippe Pasquier. 2020. Generative music in video games: State of the art, challenges, and prospects. Entertainment Computing 33 (2020), 100337. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Given the prevalence of PCG in games, it would be expected that many game developers would be familiar with some of the common ramifications of partially or fully-automating design processes.

“Furthermore, given the prevalence of PCG in games, it would be expected that many game developers would be familiar with some of the common ramifications of partially or fully-automating design processes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) stands to significantly impact labor and design practices across a wide variety of industries.

“Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) stands to significantly impact labor and design practices across a wide variety of industries [4,22,36].”

• cites [4] 4. Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie. 2023. As AI Spreads, Experts Predict the Best and Worst Changes in Digital Life by 2035.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [22] 22. John Howard. 2019. Artificial intelligence: Implications for the future of work. American journal of industrial medicine 62, 11 (2019), 917-926. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [36] 36. Michael Muller, Lydia B Chilton, Anna Kantosalo, Charles Patrick Martin, and Greg Walsh. 2022. GenAICHI: generative AI and HCI. In CHI conference on human factors in computing systems extended abstracts. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1-7. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PCG is also used for co-creativity tools to assist with tasks such as level creation, and support tools have emerged to make these systems easier to understand.

“PCG is also used for co-creativity tools to assist with tasks such as level creation [30], and support tools have emerged to make these systems easier to understand [10].”

• cites [30] 30. Antonios Liapis, Georgios N Yannakakis, and Julian Togelius. 2013. Sentient sketchbook: computer-assisted game level authoring. 8th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (2013).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [10] 10. Michael Cook, Jeremy Gow, Gillian Smith, and Simon Colton. 2021. Danesh: Inter- active tools for understanding procedural content generators. IEEE Transactions on Games 14, 3 (2021), 329-338. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Creating a useful generator can often take just as much, or more, work than a hand-crafted alternative.

“Creating a useful generator can often take just as much, or more, work than a hand-crafted alternative [48].”

• cites [48] 48. Tanya Short and Tarn Adams. 2017. Procedural generation in game design. CRC Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This study design was reviewed and approved by Worcester Polytechnic Institute's Institutional Review Board, and all interns and directors completed the informed consent process at the beginning of the program.

“This study design was reviewed and approved by Worcester Polytechnic Institute's Institutional Review Board, and all interns and directors completed the informed consent process at the beginning of the program.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interviewer was able to jump into the conversation with focused discussions, leading to dense data.

“For that reason, the interviewer was able to jump into the conversation with focused discussions, leading to dense data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

GAI is being adopted into many mature industries at a large scale.

“Taken together, we provide a snapshot of the formation of the emerging professional culture at a time when GAI is being adopted into many mature industries at a large scale: [6,40].”

• cites [6] 6. Matthias Bastian. 2023. Gaming executives embrace AI tools with open arms. https://the-decoder.com/gaming-executives-embrace-ai-tools-with-open-arms/.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [40] 40. Sabrina Ortiz. 2023. More developers are coding with AI than you think, Stack Overflow survey finds. https://www.zdnet.com/article/more-developers-are- coding-with-ai-than-you-think-stack-overflow-survey-finds/.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Development practices vary widely from workplace to workplace, and the workflows of individual developers are difficult to be meaningfully quantified for a comparison.

“Development practices vary widely from workplace to workplace, and the workflows of individual developers are difficult to be meaningfully quantified for a comparison.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recordings were transcribed using the Descript app and edited to verify accuracy of the transcription.

“Recordings were then transcribed using the Descript app and edited to verify accuracy of the transcription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The particular identity of the intern participants had no significant impact on the research findings.

“However, given the particular identity of the intern participants had no significant impact on the research findings, we decided to keep the identity of quoted interns anonymous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PCG has often been used in games to automatically generate large amounts of content and increase variety of content.

“PCG has often been used in games to automatically generate large amounts of content and increase variety of content [21,46].”

• cites [21] 21. Mark Hendrikx, Sebastiaan Meijer, Joeri Van Der Velden, and Alexandru Iosup. 2013. Procedural content generation for games: A survey. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) 9, 1 (2013), 1-22. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [46] 46. Noor Shaker, Julian Togelius, and Mark J Nelson. 2016. Procedural content generation in games. (2016). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is significant concern regarding AI systems' social and environmental impact, as well as the underlying politics of AI design, implementation, and advocacy.

“There is significant concern regarding AI systems' social and environmental impact, as well as the underlying politics of AI design, implementation, and advocacy [8].”

• cites [8] 8. Emily M Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 610-623. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The studio we study is an especially rich domain for studying the impact of GAI tools because its history provides a reasonable baseline for comparison.

“While our research data comes from studying a game production studio, the studio we study is an especially rich domain for studying the impact of GAI tools because its history provides a reasonable baseline for comparison.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

SIP offers a fruitful ground to explore the reception of GAI in the upcoming generations of the games industry because of its exclusive focus on professional development.

“Because of its exclusive focus on professional development, SIP offers a fruitful ground to explore the reception of GAI in the upcoming generations of the games industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many motivations for GAI in the industry-including reduction of labor costs, enabling new business models, increasing access to game creation, creating new game genres-are ones identified by Cook as common motivations for studying AI in games.

“Many of the motivations for GAI in the industry-including reduction of labor costs, enabling new business models, increasing access to game creation, creating new game genres-are ones identified by Cook as common motivations for studying AI in games [9].”

• cites [9] 9. Michael Cook. 2022. Optimists at Heart: Why Do We Research Game AI?. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) (Beijing, China). IEEE, IEEE, 560-567. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Roblox is integrating generative AI tools to all aspects of their design tools.

“For example, the popular game Roblox is integrating generative AI tools to all aspects of their design tools [52]”

• cites [52] 52. Daniel Sturman. 2023. Revolutionizing Creation on Roblox with Generative AI. https://blog.roblox.com/2023/09/revolutionizing-creation-roblox/.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is a long history of the use of AI tools in game development, both for supporting the development process and integrating into play experiences.

“There is a long history of the use of AI tools in game development, both for supporting the development process and integrating into play experiences [48].”

• cites [48] 48. Tanya Short and Tarn Adams. 2017. Procedural generation in game design. CRC Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within software development, GAI shows promise in a variety of contexts through automating test case development, debugging, problem-solving, and maintaining legacy code.

“Within the field of software development, a core part of the game industry, GAI shows promise in a variety of contexts through automating test case development, debugging, problem-solving, and maintaining legacy code [12].”

• cites [12] 12. Christof Ebert and Panos Louridas. 2023. Generative AI for Software Practitioners. IEEE Software 40, 4 (2023), 30-38. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Computational processes shape the way we think and behave.

“Computational processes shape the way that we think and behave [54];”

• cites [54] 54. Sherry Turkle. 2004. How Computers Change the Way We Think. The Chronicle Review 50, 21 (2004), B26.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

From the study's perspective, predictions by consulting companies, business magazines, and futurists look techno-determinist, focusing on the individual user of GAI and overlooking the cultural identities and values that shape a professional community.

“From the perspective of our study, these predictions look rather techno-determinist, as they tend to focus on the individual user of GAI, overlooking the cultural identities and values that shape a professional community.”

• cites [33] 33. Mckinsey and Company. 2023. What's the future of generative AI? An early view in 15 charts. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/ whats-the-future-of-generative-ai-an-early-view-in-15-charts.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Most SIP programmers showed a greater affinity to benefit from GAI because the currently available tools integrated easily into their workflow, resulting in minimal friction.

“We posit that this is a reason why most of the SIP programmers showed a greater affinity to benefit from GAI; many of the programmers expressed that the currently available tools integrated easily into their workflow, resulting in minimal friction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Treating generators as materials or as media provides an avenue for empowering artists in creative expression and a richer framework for conceptualizing GAI's role and the design of technologies creators wish to use.

“Treating generators as materials or as media provides both an avenue for empowering artists in creative expression and provides a richer framework for conceptualizing the role GAI can play and the design of technologies that creators wish to use.”

May combine two claims.

Ethics becomes a design concern, and design becomes an ethical question.

“Here, what we see is a blurring of the boundary between ethical inquiry and design inquiry.Ethics becomes a design concern, and design becomes an ethical question.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This dynamic approach to fieldwork enriched our interview data, allowing us to better capture the depth of the interns' experiences.

“This dynamic approach to fieldwork enriched our interview data, allowing us to better capture the depth of the interns' experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

GAI will have an impact on game developers' shared visions, but game developers actively filter such potential impacts through their interactions with each other in professional spaces from educational programs to Discord channels.

“GAI will have an impact on these visions, but game developers actively filter such potential impacts through their interactions with each other in professional spaces from educational programs to Discord channels.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Game developers' shared vision determines what constitutes valuable experiences in games.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: GAI will have an impact on game developers' shared visions.

May combine two claims.

GAI has differing amounts of friction for existing workflows in the field, introduces ethical concerns related to agency and ownership, and remains difficult for this audience to use meaningfully.

“GAI has differing amounts of friction for existing workflows in the field, introduces ethical concerns related to agency and ownership, and remains difficult for this audience to use meaningfully.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The interns' comments suggest that what is needed is a future of GAI that honors current practices and values held by creators, including respect for existing norms of attribution, ownership, and creator agency.

“The interns' comments-particularly comments by the artists who expressed positive attitudes toward theoretical GAI tools that aligned with their workflows and values-suggest that what is needed is, instead, a future of GAI that honors the current practices and values held by creators, including a respect for existing norms of attribution, ownership, and creator agency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The community of potential users, how we educate this community to think about and understand GAI, and how we design the tools are deeply interrelated.

“Designing them cannot happen in isolation, however; the community of potential users, how we educate this community to think about and understand GAI, and how we design the tools are deeply interrelated.”

May combine two claims.

The interns' resistance to GAI reflects their skepticism about new ways of thinking and their fear of GAI's dominance in the field.

“we interpret the interns' resistance to GAI as a reflection of their skepticism about these new ways of thinking, as well as their fear of GAI's dominance in the field.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The scope of the study was limited to this particular program, providing only a snapshot of a much larger, international cohort of university students preparing to enter the games industry.

“The scope of the study was limited to this particular program; though it draws students from a number of disciplinary contexts and from different institutions, this is only a snapshot of a much larger, international cohort of university students preparing to enter the games industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An investigation of this program cannot provide a complete and clear assessment of the state of GAI tools in the games industry, where development projects face commercial pressures, extended project timelines, and a professional environment not designed to facilitate personal or collective growth.

“Furthermore, an investigation of this program cannot provide a complete and clear assessment of the state of GAI tools in the games industry, where development projects face commercial pressures, extended project timelines, and a professional environment that is not specifically designed to facilitate personal or collective growth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The investigation and use of the term 'GAI' is limited to the GAI uses found in the program.

“Additionally, our investigation and use of the term 'GAI' is limited to the GAI uses found in the program.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The interns were not required to use GAI, so it was not possible to gain insight into reactions to GAI beyond the reasons for their continued resistance.

“The interns were not required to use GAI, so it was not possible to gain insight into reactions to GAI beyond the reasons for their continued resistance to the technology.”