Small Proteins Can No Longer Be Ignored

Storz, Gisela; Wolf, Yuri I.; Ramamurthi, Kumaran S.

doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-070611-102400

Cited by 359Bacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyGenomics and Phylogenetic StudiesBiochemical and Structural Characterization

Small Proteins Can No Longer Be Ignored

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Storz, Gisela, Wolf, Yuri I., Ramamurthi, Kumaran S.·2014·Annual Review of Biochemistry

DOI 10.1146/annurev-biochem-070611-102400PMC PMC4166647

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Abstract

Small proteins, here defined as proteins of 50 amino acids or fewer in the absence of processing, have traditionally been overlooked due to challenges in their annotation and biochemical detection. In the past several years, however, increasing numbers of small proteins have been identified either through the realization that mutations in intergenic regions are actually within unannotated small protein genes or through the discovery that some small, regulatory RNAs encode small proteins. These insights, together with comparative sequence analysis, indicate that tens if not hundreds of small proteins are synthesized in a given organism. This review summarizes what has been learned about the functions of several of these bacterial small proteins, most of which act at the membrane, illustrating the astonishing range of processes in which these small proteins act and suggesting several general conclusions. Important questions for future studies of these overlooked proteins are also discussed.

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Growing experimental evidence in mycobacteria and other prokaryotes has shown that many sproteins are functional, requiring a rethinking of gene definitions.
“However, growing experimental evidence in mycobacteria and other prokaryotes has shown that many sproteins are functional, requiring a rethinking of gene definitions (71–75).”
From Mycobacterium smegmatis: The Vanguard of Mycobacterial Research (2023) · cites this paper as [71]

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Authors: Storz, G., Wolf, Y. I., & Ramamurthi, K. S.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Storz, Gisela
Ramamurthi, Kumaran S.
ORCID: Storz, Gisela
Wolf, Yuri I.
Ramamurthi, Kumaran S.
Venue: Annual Review of Biochemistry
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2014-06-02
Volume: 83
Issue: 1
Pages: 753-777
ISSN: 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
1545-4509
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-070611-102400
PMC: PMC4166647
OpenAlex: W2121350645
Cited by: 359
References: 108
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 2.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Z99 LM999999)
National Cancer Institute (ZIABC011211)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008855)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Structural Characterization
Keywords: small proteins, small regulatory RNAs, protein annotation, membrane proteins, sequence comparison, protein function
MeSH terms: Amino Acids, Animals, Bacillus subtilis, Bacterial Proteins, Bacteriophages, Cell Division, Codon, Drosophila, Escherichia coli, Protein Kinases, Proteins, Ribosomes, RNA, Signal Transduction, Open Reading Frames, Computational Biology

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Small Proteins Can No Longer Be Ignored

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