The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth
Open accessAbstract
Today's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth come out at younger ages, and public support for LGBT issues has dramatically increased, so why do LGBT youth continue to be at high risk for compromised mental health? We provide an overview of the contemporary context for LGBT youth, followed by a review of current science on LGBT youth mental health. Research in the past decade has identified risk and protective factors for mental health, which point to promising directions for prevention, intervention, and treatment. Legal and policy successes have set the stage for advances in programs and practices that may foster LGBT youth mental health. Implications for clinical care are discussed, and important areas for new research and practice are identified.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“When compared to their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts, LGBTQ+ individuals report disproportionately high rates of stress-associated concerns—such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality—due to the discrimination that results from their minoritized status in society (Meyer, 2003; Russell & Fish, 2016).”
From Demonstrating LGBTQ+ Affirmative Practice in Groups:: Developing Competence through Simulation-Based Learning (2022) · cites this paper as Russell & Fish, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) youth face elevated rates of mental health difficulty alongside persistent barriers to affirming professional care.”
From Artificial intelligence and immersive technologies for LGBTQ+ youth: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as Russell and Fish, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Compared to their cisgender and heterosexual peers, LGBTQ+ young people experience disproportionately elevated rates of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-harm, disparities that are not inherent to their identities but rather reflect the cumulative burden of minority stress, the chronic social stressors of stigma, discrimination, rejection, and identity concealment that accumulate ac”
From Artificial intelligence and immersive technologies for LGBTQ+ youth: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as Russell and Fish, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and violence from families, peers, and communities of origin all impact their mental health and they experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal ideation and attempts in response (Russell and Fish 2016).”
From Coming Out Queer: Sexual and Romantic Exploration and Identity Development of LGBQ+ College Students (2025) · cites this paper as Russell and Fish 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“disparities that are not inherent to their identities but rather reflect the cumulative burden of minority stress, the chronic social stressors of stigma, discrimination, rejection, and identity concealment that accumulate across developmental contexts including family, school, communities, and society at large (Meyer, 2003;Russell and Fish, 2016).”
From Artificial intelligence and immersive technologies for LGBTQ+ youth: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as Russell and Fish, 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. R., & Martin, C. E. (1948) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/28.2.93 · Cited by 5,577
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men
Meyer, I. H. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137286 · Cited by 4,264
Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457
Coleman, E., Bockting, W. O., Botzer, M., Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T., Cuypere, G. D., Feldman, J., Fraser, L., Green, J., Knudson, G., Meyer, W. J., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Transgenderism · doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873 · Cited by 3,273
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Am. Psychiatr. Assoc, 1952, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
- CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.), 2012, 10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States—2013
- Gibson P, 1989, Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide, 3, 115
- GLSEN (Gay Lesbian Straight Educ. Netw.), 2011, Teaching Respect: LGBT-Inclusive Curriculum and School Climate (Research Brief)
- GLSEN (Gay Lesbian Straight Educ. Netw.), 2015, State Maps.
- Herdt G, 1993, Children of Horizons
- Kosciw JG, 2014, The 2013 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth in Our Nation's Schools
- Russell ST, 2010, Soc. Res. Child Dev. Soc. Policy Rep., 24
- Subst. Abuse Ment. Health Serv. Admin, 2014, A Practitioner's Resource Guide: Helping Families to Support Their LGBT Children.
- Zucker KJ, 2014, In Management of Gender Dysphoria: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 33
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,001 of 1,001
Artificial intelligence and immersive technologies for LGBTQ+ youth: a narrative review
Shekarchi, R., Eleuteri, S., Saladino, V., Calaresi, D., Giordano, F., & Prunas, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2002054
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences,
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-03-28
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 465-487
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4887282
- OpenAlex
- W2119188853
- Cited by
- 1,276
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (F32AA023138)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042849, P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- LGBTQ youth, mental health, sexual minority youth, coming out, risk factors, protective factors, prevention, intervention, treatment, LGBT policy, clinical care, mental health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Sexual and Gender Minorities, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
