The DOI matches its Crossref record; 138 of the 138 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders and Its Underlying Mechanisms: The Case of OCD and PTSD
Open accessAbstract
In this review we describe the intricate interrelationship among basic research, conceptualization of psychopathology, treatment development, treatment outcome research, and treatment mechanism research and how the interactions among these areas of study further our knowledge about psychopathology and its treatment. In describing the work of Edna Foa and her colleagues in anxiety disorders, we demonstrate how emotional processing theory of anxiety-related disorders and their treatment using exposure therapy have generated hypotheses about the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder that have informed the development and refinement of specific treatment protocols for these disorders: prolonged exposure and exposure and response (ritual) prevention. Further, we have shown that the next step after the development of theoretically driven treatment protocols is to evaluate their efficacy. Once evidence for a treatment's efficacy has accumulated, studies of the mechanisms involved in the reduction of the targeted psychopathology are conducted, which in turn inform the theory and further refine the treatments. We conclude our review with a discussion of how the knowledge derived from Foa and colleagues' programmatic research together with knowledge emerging from basic research on extinction learning can inform future research on the psychopathology of anxiety disorders and their treatments.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exposure therapy has strong empirical support as a treatment for anxiety and related disorders”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Foa & McLean, 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to emotion processing theory, fear and other emotions are stored in memory structures that contain information about stimuli that elicit the emotional response, as well as the response itself.[7]”
From Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,467
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Self-citationClassical conditioning II: Current research and theory.
Black, A. H., & Prokasy, W. F. (1972) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · Cited by 4,449
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750
The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation
Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303 · Cited by 1,727
Self-citationMowrer, O. H. (1960) · doi:10.1037/10802-000 · Cited by 1,670
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003 · Cited by 1,607
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Self-citationFoa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Self-citationResick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.4.867 · Cited by 1,294
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Abramowitz JS, 2002, Romanian J. Cogn. Behav. Psychother., 2, 89
- Foa EB, 1982, Practical Applications of Learning Theories in Psychiatry, 129
- Foa EB, 1999, Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: Clinical Practice, 45, 23
- Foa EB, 1985, Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, 421
- Inst. Med, 2008, Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence.
- March J, 1997, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 58, 65
- Meyer V, 1974, Obsessional States, 233
- Natl. Inst. Health Clin. Excell., ed, 2006, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Ursano RJ, 2004, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 · Cited by 1,035
“anxiety evoked during exposure (132), postexposure consolidation (120), or the use of particular outcome measures to”
BackgroundProlonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001 · Cited by 436
Self-citationGallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22882 · Cited by 264
Mirror exposure therapy for body image disturbances and eating disorders: A review
Griffen, T. C., Naumann, E., & Hildebrandt, T. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.006 · Cited by 179
Thorsen, A. L., Hagland, P., Raduà, J., Mataix‐Cols, D., Kvale, G., Hansen, B. K. A., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.01.009 · Cited by 194
Metadata
- Authors
- Foa, E. B., & McLean, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-03-28
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W1923241527
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged exposure, exposure and response prevention, emotional processing theory, extinction learning, therapeutic mechanisms, treatment efficacy, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
