The DOI matches its Crossref record; 138 of the 138 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders and Its Underlying Mechanisms: The Case of OCD and PTSD
Open accessAbstract
In this review we describe the intricate interrelationship among basic research, conceptualization of psychopathology, treatment development, treatment outcome research, and treatment mechanism research and how the interactions among these areas of study further our knowledge about psychopathology and its treatment. In describing the work of Edna Foa and her colleagues in anxiety disorders, we demonstrate how emotional processing theory of anxiety-related disorders and their treatment using exposure therapy have generated hypotheses about the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder that have informed the development and refinement of specific treatment protocols for these disorders: prolonged exposure and exposure and response (ritual) prevention. Further, we have shown that the next step after the development of theoretically driven treatment protocols is to evaluate their efficacy. Once evidence for a treatment's efficacy has accumulated, studies of the mechanisms involved in the reduction of the targeted psychopathology are conducted, which in turn inform the theory and further refine the treatments. We conclude our review with a discussion of how the knowledge derived from Foa and colleagues' programmatic research together with knowledge emerging from basic research on extinction learning can inform future research on the psychopathology of anxiety disorders and their treatments.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exposure therapy has strong empirical support as a treatment for anxiety and related disorders”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Foa & McLean, 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to emotion processing theory, fear and other emotions are stored in memory structures that contain information about stimuli that elicit the emotional response, as well as the response itself.[7]”
From Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,467
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Self-citationClassical conditioning II: Current research and theory.
Black, A. H., & Prokasy, W. F. (1972) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · Cited by 4,449
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750
The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation
Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303 · Cited by 1,727
Self-citationMowrer, O. H. (1960) · doi:10.1037/10802-000 · Cited by 1,670
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003 · Cited by 1,607
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Self-citationFoa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Self-citationResick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.4.867 · Cited by 1,294
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Abramowitz JS, 2002, Romanian J. Cogn. Behav. Psychother., 2, 89
- Foa EB, 1982, Practical Applications of Learning Theories in Psychiatry, 129
- Foa EB, 1999, Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: Clinical Practice, 45, 23
- Foa EB, 1985, Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, 421
- Inst. Med, 2008, Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence.
- March J, 1997, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 58, 65
- Meyer V, 1974, Obsessional States, 233
- Natl. Inst. Health Clin. Excell., ed, 2006, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Ursano RJ, 2004, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 · Cited by 1,035
“anxiety evoked during exposure (132), postexposure consolidation (120), or the use of particular outcome measures to”
BackgroundProlonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001 · Cited by 436
Self-citationGallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22882 · Cited by 264
Mirror exposure therapy for body image disturbances and eating disorders: A review
Griffen, T. C., Naumann, E., & Hildebrandt, T. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.006 · Cited by 179
Thorsen, A. L., Hagland, P., Raduà, J., Mataix‐Cols, D., Kvale, G., Hansen, B. K. A., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.01.009 · Cited by 194
Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045209 · Cited by 184
“…extinction training as their core ingredient; even if people gradually learn to no longer fear stimuli, situations, or places that they once did, the fact that their original fear memory is intact makes possible the resurfacing of their fear at any moment (Brown & Barlow 1995, Foa & McLean 2016).”
BackgroundBetter Safe Than Sorry: A Common Signature of General Vulnerability for Psychopathology
den Bergh, O. V., BROSSCHOT, J. F., Critchley, H., Thayer, J. F., & Ottaviani, C. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620950690 · Cited by 170
“…exposure in CBT relies on an extinction rationale implying a “belief change” (e.g., that a feared stimulus is not coming and/or is not as bad as expected; Foa & McLean, 2016), in the current analysis it is not so much the information that a feared stimulus is not coming that makes the change.”
BackgroundXiao, G., He, Q., Liu, L., Zhang, T., Zhou, M., Li, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Qin, C. (2022) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03691-2 · Cited by 148
“Notably, the exploration of the biological mechanism is the basis for the prevention and therapy of anxiety disorders [4].”
BackgroundExposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions
Simpson, H., & Hezel, D. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_516_18 · Cited by 161
“Mowrer’s[9] two-factor theory of fear and avoidance provided an influential framework for understanding the etiology of OCD that inspired the development of behavioral treatments for the disorder, including ERP.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUphoff, E., Robertson, L., Cabieses, B., V, Villalón, F., Purgato, M., Churchill, R. C., & Barbui, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013458.pub2 · Cited by 137
An empirical review of potential mediators and mechanisms of prolonged exposure therapy
Cooper, A. A., Clifton, E. G., & Feeny, N. C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.07.003 · Cited by 133
Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Enhances Fear Extinction Memory in Humans
Raij, T., Nummenmaa, A., Marin, M.-F., Porter, D., Furtak, S., Setsompop, K., & Milad, M. R. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.022 · Cited by 156
A meta-analysis of conditioned fear generalization in anxiety-related disorders
Cooper, S. E., van Dis, E. A. M., Hagenaars, M. A., Krypotos, A., Nemeroff, C. B., Lissek, S. M., Engelhard, I. M., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01332-2 · Cited by 129
“Given there are a growing number of studies of fear generalization in anxiety populations and conditioning work remains relevant to advances in exposure therapies for clinical anxiety [10, 24, 25], a meta-analysis of this work is warranted.”
BackgroundTranslating Across Circuits and Genetics Toward Progress in Fear- and Anxiety-Related Disorders
Ressler, K. J. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20010055 · Cited by 104
Loucks, L. A., Yasinski, C. W., Norrholm, S. D., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Post, L. M., Zwiebach, L. C., Fiorillo, D., Goodlin, M., Jovanović, T., Rizzo, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.004 · Cited by 106
An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
Tabibnia, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 · Cited by 115
Levy, I., & Schiller, D. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.007 · Cited by 95
Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Zainal, N. H., Chan, W. W., Saxena, A. P., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103984 · Cited by 84
Ferrando, C., & Selai, C. E. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100684 · Cited by 90
Levinson, C. A., Christian, C., Ram, S. S., Vanzhula, I., Brosof, L. C., Michelson, L. P., & Williams, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.075 · Cited by 79
Yang, S., Song, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, Z.-R., Wu, S.-B., & Zhu, G. (2019) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-019-0238-4 · Cited by 80
Fear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review
Cooper, S. E., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.026 · Cited by 83
Hoeboer, C. M., de Kleine, R. A., Molendijk, M. L., Schoorl, M., Oprel, D. A. C., Mouthaan, J., van der Does, W. A. J., & van Minnen, A. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.30 · Cited by 75
Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure
Knowles, K. A., & Olatunji, B. O. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.12.001 · Cited by 60
Moritz, S., Külz, A., Voderholzer, U., Hillebrand, T., McKay, D., & Jelinek, L. (2019) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1494750 · Cited by 65
Psychosocial Treatment of Irritability in Youth
Kircanski, K., Clayton, M., Leibenluft, E., & Brotman, M. A. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-018-0141-5 · Cited by 67
Raber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62
Singewald, N., Sartori, S. B., Reif, A., & Holmes, A. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109418 · Cited by 64
“the individual (directly or through visualisation) with these triggers and enabling reprocessing of their association with threat in a safety context (Foa and McLean, 2016; Huang et al., 2022; McLean et al., 2022; van Loenen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundExposure therapy for pediatric irritability: Theory and potential mechanisms
Kircanski, K., Craske, M. G., Averbeck, B. B., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., & Brotman, M. A. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.007 · Cited by 58
Resilience: Safety in the Aftermath of Traumatic Stressor Experiences
Matheson, K., Asokumar, A., & Anisman, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596919 · Cited by 75
Jahangard, L., Haghighi, M., Shyayganfard, M., Ahmadpanah, M., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Bajoghli, H., Holsboer-trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2016) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000446287 · Cited by 53
Preventing and treating PTSD-like memory by trauma contextualization
Abed, A. S. A., Ducourneau, E., Bouarab, C., Sellami, A., Marighetto, A., & Desmedt, A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18002-w · Cited by 63
The effects of imagery rescripting on memory outcomes in social anxiety disorder
Romano, M., Moscovitch, D. A., Huppert, J. D., Reimer, S. G., & Moscovitch, M. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102169 · Cited by 58
Jasbi, M., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Karami, G., Omidbeygi, M., Peyravi, M., Panahi, A., Mirzaee, J., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1445773 · Cited by 55
“Symptoms can also include social withdrawal and feelings of isolation, higher threat sensitivity (O’Donovan et al., 2017), an increased autonomic system, along with hypocortisolism (Foa & McLean, 2016), poor sleep and frequent nightmares (Ahmadpanah et al., 2016; Khazaie, Ghadami, & Masoudi, 2016).”
BackgroundThe Role of Disgust in Eating Disorders
Anderson, L. M., Berg, H. E., Brown, T. A., Menzel, J. E., & Reilly, E. E. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01217-5 · Cited by 56
Cooper, A. A., Zoellner, L. A., Roy‐Byrne, P., MAVISSAKALIAN, M. R., & Feeny, N. C. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000220 · Cited by 57
“However, recent updates have more clearly highlighted the importance of change in trauma-related beliefs as a key process in recovery from PTSD (Foa et al., 2006; Foa & McLean, 2016).”
Is and Ought: Descriptive and Prescriptive Cognitions in Military‐Related Moral Injury
Farnsworth, J. K. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22356 · Cited by 54
Cognitive control and episodic memory in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders
Solomon, M., McCauley, J. B., Iosif, A., Carter, C. S., & Ragland, J. D. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.013 · Cited by 56
The process and mechanisms of personality change
Jackson, J. J., & Wright, A. J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00295-z · Cited by 68
“This perpetuating, combined use of a person’s existing skills and capabilities with goals that are challenging yet attainable is a well known process in exposure therapy, where progressively greater exposures are used to facilitate greater change 151 .”
Closing the loop in psychiatric deep brain stimulation: physiology, psychometrics, and plasticity
Widge, A. S. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01643-y · Cited by 46
“The same argument could be made for other CBT strategies such as exposure (effective in the treatment of multiple disorders involving overlearned avoidance [8, 113 – 115].”
BackgroundCervin, M., Perrin, S. G., Olsson, E., Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., & Lindvall, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102175 · Cited by 48
Understanding the dynamic and destiny of memories
Alvares, L. D. O., & Monte, F. H. D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.009 · Cited by 51
Cannabinoids as therapeutics for PTSD
Sbarski, B., & Akirav, I. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107551 · Cited by 47
Reminder duration determines threat memory modification in humans
Hu, J., Wang, W., Homan, P., Wang, P., Zheng, X., & Schiller, D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27252-0 · Cited by 50
Hoppe, J. M., Holmes, E. A., & Ågren, T. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0690 · Cited by 45
State of the Science: Prolonged exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
McLean, C. P., & Foa, E. B. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23046 · Cited by 40
Self-citationChanges to information in working memory depend on distinct removal operations
Kim, H., Smolker, H. R., Smith, L. L., Banich, M. T., & Lewis‐Peacock, J. A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20085-4 · Cited by 39
Thompson, A., McEvoy, P. M., & Lipp, O. V. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.001 · Cited by 40
Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood
O'Doherty, L., Whelan, M., Carter, G. J., Brown, K., Tarzia, L., Hegarty, K., Feder, G., & Brown, S. J. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013456.pub2 · Cited by 37
Uphoff, E., Purgato, M., Churchill, R. C., & Barbui, C. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013458 · Cited by 36
Alpert, E., Tabke, C. S., Cole, T. A., Lee, D. J., & Sloan, D. M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102300 · Cited by 35
Kim, J. H., Perry, C. J., Ganella, D. E., & Madsen, H. B. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.018 · Cited by 34
“Extinction is widely studied largely because it forms the basis of exposure therapies that treat mental disorders (Foa & McLean, 2015; VanElzakker, Dahlgren, Davis, Dubois, & Shin, 2013).”
BackgroundCognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Spencer, S. D., Stiede, J. T., Wiese, A. D., Goodman, W. K., Guzick, A. G., & Storch, E. A. (2022) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2022.10.004 · Cited by 43
Vrijsen, J. N., Grafton, B., Koster, E. H. W., Lau, J. Y. F., Wittekind, C. E., Bar‐Haim, Y., Becker, E. S., Brotman, M. A., Joormann, J., Lazarov, A., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104557 · Cited by 42
Cima, R. F. F., van Breukelen, G., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2017) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2017.10.003 · Cited by 32
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the generalization of conditioned fear.
Spalding, K. N. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000384 · Cited by 32
Domhardt, M., Nowak, H., Engler, S., Baumel, A., Grund, S., Mayer, A., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102084 · Cited by 32
Control of fear extinction by hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone–expressing neurons
Concetti, C., Bracey, E. F., Peleg‐Raibstein, D., & Burdakov, D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2007993117 · Cited by 30
Aripiprazole Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Adolescent Rats
Ganella, D. E., Lee-Kardashyan, L., Luikinga, S. J., Nguyen, D. L. D., Madsen, H. B., Zbukvic, I., Coulthard, R., Lawrence, A. J., & Kim, J. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00076 · Cited by 31
“However, doubling the amount of extinction is impractical and costly in the clinical setting, because exposure therapy can require months to years to complete (Foa and McLean, 2016).”
BackgroundRussman Block, S., Norman, L. J., Zhang, X., Mannella, K. A., Yang, H., Angstadt, M., Abelson, J. L., Himle, J. A., Taylor, S. F., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21111173 · Cited by 30
Kuckertz, J. M., Schofield, C. A., Clerkin, E. M., Primack, J., Boettcher, H., Weisberg, R. B., Amir, N., & Beard, C. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000231 · Cited by 30
“…nearly 60 years after the introduction of exposure techniques to treatment of anxiety disorders (Wolpe, 1958), researchers are still struggling in terms of understanding the mechanisms of treatment (Craske et al., 2014; Foa and McLean, 2016), let alone how to present these mechanisms to patients.”
BackgroundZuccolo, P. F., & Hunziker, M. H. L. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.011 · Cited by 32
Dorze, C. L., & Gisquet-Verrier, P. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.006 · Cited by 30
Hypothalamic MCH Neurons: From Feeding to Cognitive Control
Concetti, C., Peleg-Raibstein, D., & Burdakov, D. (2023) · Function · doi:10.1093/function/zqad059 · Cited by 28
“216 219 Exposure therapy is often not enough to provide a full recovery from these fear responses 220–222 and these results closely mirror this phenomenon with silencing of MCH neurons during the initial av ersi v e experience.”
ResultEbrahimi, C., Gechter, J., Lueken, U., Schlagenhauf, F., Wïttchen, H., Hamm, A. O., & Ströhle, A. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0552-z · Cited by 32
Incompleteness and Disgust Predict Treatment Outcome in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Cervin, M., & Perrin, S. G. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.01.007 · Cited by 29
Fear extinction induced by activation of PKA ameliorates anxiety-like behavior in PTSD mice
Gao, F., Wang, J., Yang, S., Ji, M., & Zhu, G. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109306 · Cited by 28
Badour, C. L., Flanagan, J. C., Grös, D. F., Killeen, T. K., Pericot‐Valverde, I., Korte, K. J., Allan, N. P., & Back, S. E. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000180 · Cited by 28
“Alternative mechanisms including reductions in trauma-related negative cognitions (e.g., “The world is dangerous”; Foa & McLean, 2016) and expectancy violation (e.g., “If I confront my traumatic memory, I will lose control”; Craske, Treanor, Conway, Zbozinek, & Vervliet, 2014) are being…”
InfluentialMarkowitz, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030167 · Cited by 28
“Of course, there have been many far-reaching studies from this past decade which indicate that with refinement, prolonged exposure therapy is more effective in treating PTSD, across a wide range of traumas and comorbid symptoms, compared to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (see Foa and McLean [13] for an in-de…”
BackgroundJarnecke, A. M., Allan, N. P., Badour, C. L., Flanagan, J. C., Killeen, T. K., & Back, S. E. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.020 · Cited by 27
“Alternatively, participants may have dropped out later because symptoms had improved (Szafranski et al., 2017; Zandberg, Rosenfield, Alpert, McLean, & Foa, 2016).”
BackgroundPinciotti, C. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001211 · Cited by 27
“In particular, although exposure therapies are recommended for OCD and PTSD, treatment implementation has slight but important distinctions (Foa and McLean, 2016).”
BackgroundZemestani, M., Salavati, M., Seyedolshohadayi, A., Petersen, J. M., Ong, C. W., Twohig, M. P., & Ghaderi, E. (2020) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445520982977 · Cited by 25
“ERP is considered the “gold standard” and first-line psychotherapy treatment for OCD as it has been repeatedly demonstrated to be efficacious in clinical research and naturalistic settings (Abramowitz, 2017; Foa & McLean, 2016).”
BackgroundNovel pharmacological treatment strategies for posttraumatic stress disorder
Thomas, E., & Stein, D. J. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1260001 · Cited by 24
“are exposed to fear-provoking stimuli in order to extinguish the conditioned response [97].”
BackgroundA meta‐analysis of the association between shame and dissociation
Rudy, J. A., McKernan, S. M., Kouri, N. A., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22854 · Cited by 28
Juncos, D. G., & de Paiva e Pona, E. (2018) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204317748807 · Cited by 25
“Within CBT, exposure therapy is governed by an extinction rationale, in that the patient is repeatedly exposed to a feared stimulus until the fear reaction is extinguished and the patient’s level of distress is reduced (Foa & McLean, 2016).”
BackgroundThe Psychotherapy in MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy
Cristea, I. A., Cuijpers, P. J., & Halvorsen, J. Ø. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2887 · Cited by 24
Farnia, V., Gharehbaghi, H., Alikhani, M., Almasi, A., Golshani, S., Tatari, F., Davarinejad, O., Salemi, S., Bahmani, D. S., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.008 · Cited by 26
Alpert, E., Hayes, A. M., Yasinski, C. W., Webb, C. P. M., & Deblinger, E. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620957315 · Cited by 24
Symptom severity and presentation in comorbid OCD and PTSD: A clinical replication
Pinciotti, C. M., Wetterneck, C. T., & Riemann, B. C. (2022) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2022.86.3.183 · Cited by 24
Hippocampal circuits underlie improvements in self‐reported anxiety following mindfulness training
Sevinc, G., Greenberg, J., Hölzel, B. K., Gard, T., Calahan, T., Brunsch, V., Hashmi, J. A., Vangel, M. G., Orr, S. P., Milad, M. R., et al. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1766 · Cited by 24
“The ability to learn and remember that a stimulus is no longer threatening is critical for healthy emotional functioning and lies at the heart of exposure therapies (Foa & McLean, 2016).”
BackgroundObsessive–Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Stiede, J. T., Spencer, S. D., Onyeka, O. “., Mangen, K. H., Church, M. J., Goodman, W. K., & Storch, E. A. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-043910 · Cited by 27
Trait mindfulness and PTSD symptom clusters: Considering the influence of emotion dysregulation
Reffi, A. N., Pinciotti, C. M., Darnell, B. C., & Orcutt, H. K. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.010 · Cited by 27
Naim, R., Kircanski, K., Gold, A. L., German, R. E., Davis, M., Perlstein, S., Clayton, M., Revzina, O., & Brotman, M. A. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039169 · Cited by 22
Labrenz, F., Woud, M., Elsenbruch, S., & Icenhour, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.841734 · Cited by 22
“Inspired by their wide application in anxiety disorders (30, 32, 36, 77), exposure therapy has been established as an integral part of multimodal interventions for disorders characterized by disturbed interoception (78), including chronic pain (38, 54, 79, 80), disorders of the gut-brain axis, particularly irritable b…”
BackgroundHoffman, S. N., Rassaby, M. M., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.086 · Cited by 22
Sookman, D., Phillips, K. A., Anholt, G. E., Bhar, S. S., Bream, V., Challacombe, F. L., Coughtrey, A. E., Craske, M. G., Foa, E. B., Gagné, J.-P., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113752 · Cited by 23
Self-citationZaizar, E. D., Papini, S., Gonzalez-Lima, F., & Telch, M. J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002270 · Cited by 22
PTSD in Court II: Risk factors, endophenotypes, and biological underpinnings in PTSD
Young, G. C. (2017) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.02.002 · Cited by 24
“Ford et al. (2015) reviewed the research on brain regions associated with PTSD.”
BackgroundKnutsen, M., & Jensen, T. K. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1303208 · Cited by 28
“…is a form of exposure that can aid in reducing trauma-related negative emotions in response to trauma reminders through the integration of corrective and new information into the fear structure in memory (Cohen & Mannarino, 2008; Foa & Kozak, 1986; Foa & McLean, 2016; Foa, Molnar, & Cashman, 1995).”
BackgroundMegreya, A. M., & Al‐Emadi, A. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14510 · Cited by 26
Examining emotional processing theory and predictors of outcome in prolonged exposure for PTSD
Alpert, E., Hayes, A. M., & Foa, E. B. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104341 · Cited by 21
Self-citationDoes exercise augment operant and Pavlovian extinction: A meta-analysis
Roquet, R. F., & Monfils, M. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.018 · Cited by 22
Pullmann, M. D., Lucid, L., Harrison, J. P., Martin, P., Deblinger, E., Benjamin, K. S., & Dorsey, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00280 · Cited by 20
“Exposure has very strong evidence for effectiveness (30); some studies even found exposure to be just as effective alone as when combined with other active components (31, 32).”
BackgroundPagsberg, A. K., Uhre, C. F., Uhre, V., Pretzmann, L., Christensen, S. H., Thoustrup, C. L., Clemmesen, I. T., Gudmandsen, A. A., Korsbjerg, N. L. J., Mora‐Jensen, A. C., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03669-2 · Cited by 19
“The main and intended difference between the two treatment approaches is the absence of the ERP component in the FPRT arm of the trial, which is deemed the most effective treatment element for OCD [50, 51].”
BackgroundA Case for Translation From the Clinic to the Laboratory
Kredlow, M. A., de Voogd, L. D., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211039852 · Cited by 25
“There are three types of exposures conducted in the context of CBT: in vivo, interoceptive, and imaginal (Boettcher et al., 2016; Foa & McLean, 2016).”
BackgroundCervin, M., Storch, E. A., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S. N., Albano, A. M., Gosch, E., Walkup, J. T., & Kendall, P. C. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13124 · Cited by 18
Fear Extinction Learning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Lokshina, Y., Sheynin, J., Vogt, G. S., & Liberzon, I. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_436 · Cited by 19
Rajan, G., Wachtler, C., Lee, S., Wändell, P. E., Philips, B., Wahlström, L., Svedin, C. G., & Carlsson, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520965973 · Cited by 20
“…both prolonged exposure (PE), and cognitive processing therapy (CPT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and narrative exposure therapy (Cusack et al., 2016; Foa, Gillihan, et al., 2013; Foa & McLean, 2016; Langkaas et al., 2017; Morkved et al., 2014; Raabe et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCondensed internet-delivered prolonged exposure provided soon after trauma: A randomised pilot trial
Bragesjö, M., Arnberg, F. K., Särnholm, J., Lauri, K. O., & Andersson, E. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100358 · Cited by 20
“…mood subscale was in the lower range, which is somewhat in contrast to findings that negative cognitions may play a key role in the treatment of PTSD and mediate the decrease in symptoms of post-traumatic stress (Foa and McLean, 2016; Kumpula et al., 2017; McLean et al., 2015; Zalta et al., 2014).”
In session extinction and outcome in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Rauch, S. A. M., Koola, C., Post, L. M., Yasinski, C. W., Norrholm, S. D., Black, K., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.003 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Foa, E. B., & McLean, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-03-28
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W1923241527
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged exposure, exposure and response prevention, emotional processing theory, extinction learning, therapeutic mechanisms, treatment efficacy, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
