Cited by 360Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyMental Health and Psychiatry

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Personality Disorders in DSM-5

Skodol, Andrew E.·2012·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A substantive revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) last occurred in 1994; therefore, the mental health field should anticipate significant changes to the classification of mental disorders in the fifth edition. Since DSM-5 Work Groups have recently proposed revisions for the major diagnostic classes of mental disorders, an article on the current status of the personality disorders (PDs) is timely. This article reviews scientific principles that have influenced the development of proposed changes for the assessment and diagnosis of personality psychopathology in DSM-5, presents the proposed model as of the summer of 2011, summarizes rationales for the changes, and discusses critiques of the model. Scientific principles were articulated for DSM-5 more than a decade ago; their application to the process has not been straightforward, however. Work Group members have labored to improve the DSM-5 approach to personality and PDs to make the classification more valid and more clinically useful. The current model continues to be a work in progress.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131

Cites

118 of 118 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 · Cited by 6,567
Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002 · Cited by 2,792
The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361
Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes
Ozer, D. J., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127 · Cited by 2,307
Establishment of Diagnostic Validity in Psychiatric Illness: Its Application to Schizophrenia
ROBINS, E., & GUZE, S. B. (1970) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.7.983 · Cited by 2,243
Public health significance of neuroticism
Lahey, B. B. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0015309 · Cited by 1,901
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality
Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158668 · Cited by 1,645
The maturing architecture of the brain's default network
Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., Barch, D. M., Raichle, M. E., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800376105 · Cited by 1,314
Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses.
Kendell, R., & Jablensky, A. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4 · Cited by 1,294
Handbook of adult resilience
Reich, J. W., Zautra, A., & Hall, J. S. (2010) · Cited by 1,291

Show all 118 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Costa PT, 1992, Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual
First MB, 1997, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II)
Livesley WJ, 2000, Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology
Rounsaville BJ, 2002, A Research Agenda for DSM-V, 1
Skodol AE, 2009, Essentials of Personality Disorders, 381
Tellegen A, 1994, Personality Measures: Development and Evaluation, 1, 133
Torgersen S, 2009, Essentials of Personality Disorders, 83

Sorted by citations

Items 301–359 of 359

Personality in Nonhuman Animals
Bell, A. M., & Bensky, M. K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.023 · Cited by 1
The Trait Approach
Weiß, A., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.005 · Cited by 2
Personality and the Unconscious
Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Costantini, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.008 · Cited by 2
A Dimensional Understanding of Borderline Personality Disorder Using MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scales in Clinical Samples
Jin, M. J., Lee, H.-J., Hwang, K.-S., Lee, J., Yang, C.-M., Jang, S.-H., & Lee, S.-Y. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0164 · Cited by 1
Disturbo Ossessivo-Compulsivo di Personalità (DOCP). Rassegna della letteratura sull'efficacia dei trattamenti psicologici e indicazioni di buona pratica clinica
Magnani, B., & Dimaggio, G. (2023) · QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA · doi:10.3280/qpc52-2023oa16176 · Cited by 1
A Built Environment with Architectural Parameters in Sustainability That Mitigates the Onset of PTSD in High Armed Conflict: Physiological, Cognitive, Psychoanalytic, And Social/Behavioral Stimuli to Induce Cognitive Processing for Self-Healing
Havelka, H. L. (2018) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Genetics of Personality Disorders
South, S. C., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0022415.pub2 · Cited by 1
Preface
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.001 · Cited by 1
Addendum: Statistical Analyses and Computer Programming in Personality
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.045 · Cited by 1
Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Gore, W. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00092-6 · Cited by 1
In search of a better ontology of mental disorder
Köhne, A. C. J. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1591 · Cited by 1
The Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Empirical Studies
Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, I. (2014)
Conclusion: Future of Relational Psychopathology
Hooper, L. M., L’Abate, L., Sweeney, L. G., Gianesini, G., & Jankowski, P. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8081-5_8
Suicidal Comorbidities
Koslow, S. H., Ruiz, P., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139519502.012
Traços de personalidade em pacientes com diagnóstico de transtornos do humor
Brito, M. E. (2015) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2015.955094
THE FIVE-FACTOR OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE INVENTORY: AN ITEM RESPONSE THEORY ANALYSIS
Presnall-Shvorin, J. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Clinical Judgement and the DSM5
Sexton–Radek, K. (2014) · Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.4172/2161-0487.1000e107
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Personality Disorders, Second Edition (DSM-5 Edition)
Friedel, R. O. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000074
The relationship between prototype ratings of personality and self and interpersonal functioning with an adolescent inpatient sample
Haggerty, G., Esang, M., Salaheldin, K. A., & Lima, A. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2512
Personality Assessment Methods
Boyle, G. J., & Helmes, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.011 · Cited by 1
Personality and Intelligence
Schermer, J. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.014
Social Relations and Social Support
Austin, E. Q., Knack, J. M., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Rex‐Lear, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.036
Clinical Associations Between Severity of Impulsivity, Psychiatric Morbidity, Dysfunctional Defences and Personality Disorder: A Comparative Study With Axis-I Disorders.
Chiesa, M. C., Atti, A. R., Licitra, M., Alberti, S., Epifani, A., Gilmozzi, R., & Pozzi, E. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200603
Integrative assessment of personality and psychopathology: A validation study with the MMPI-2-RF
van der Heijden, P. T. (2013) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
If an Entrepreneur Founded the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder: When Axis II Meets Disruptive InnovationPreprint
Tackett, J. L., Reardon, K. W., Kaufman, M., & Sherman, R. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pc9fa
General Introduction
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.002
Personality Disorder
Bliton, C. F., Dowgwillo, E. A., Dawood, S., & Pincus, A. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_923-1
Index
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.046
Bibliography: Personality Disorders
(2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.214
Morality and the Terror of Mortality—The Pyramid of Adaptive Behaviors to the Fear of DeathPreprint
Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4122536
Personality disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Hines, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00104-1 · Cited by 1
DSM-5 section II personality disorders through the lens of PID-5 and MMPI-2-RF: a study of an iranian sample
Fard, Z. G., Menton, W. H., Shakiba, S., Bo, S., Mirabzadeh, A., Pourshahbaz, A., & Pazhooyan, M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05538-5
“In this regard, although a domain of compulsivity which was highly concordant with ICD-11 Anankastia domain had been initially considered by the DSM-5 P&PD Workgroup, it was ultimately removed to achieve the aim of presenting a simplified personality model (Skodol, 2012).”
Narcissistic and dependent traits and behavior in four archetypal 2-person, 2-choice games
Reed, L. I., Cooke, L., Kasaba, I., Harrison, E., & Hooley, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1275403
“Furthermore, there is relatively little research on dependent and narcissistic personality disorders relative to other personality disorders across all empirical works (51).”
Background
Integrare e differenziare la personalità e la psicopatologia. Una prospettiva psicodinamica
Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2024) · PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE · doi:10.3280/pu2024-001003
Persönlichkeitsstörungen und HiTOP-Diagnostik
Hopwood, C. J. (2024) · PiD - Psychotherapie im Dialog · doi:10.1055/a-2124-0186
Explaining the Relationship Between Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits and Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms Among Convicts, Pakistan
Ishfaq, N., & Kamal, A. (2024) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-024-00788-0
“Diagnosis of personality disorders (PD) in DSM IV TR (APA, 2000) has been criticized due to the inadequate coverage of personality psychopathology (Clark, 2007; Skodol, 2012; Verheul et al., 2007; Widiger & Trull, 2007; Widiger et al., 2009).”
Personality Functioning, Narcissism and Borderline Traits in the General Population Predict Deviations from the Optimal Time Perspective
Dussault, O., Grondin, S., & Laverdière, O. (2024) · Timing & Time Perception · doi:10.1163/22134468-bja10112
Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., Tyrer, P. J., McCabe, G. A., & Kim, Y. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_14
Instruments and Other Sources of Diagnostic Information
Bach, B., & Sellbom, M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191964343.003.0006
Update on Psychiatry Residency Training in Personality Disorders: Becoming a Good Psychiatrist Through Becoming “Good Enough” at Treating Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
Price, D. G., Quayle, W. M., & Unruh, B. T. (2025) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-025-01595-8
“Skodol’s proposal on behalf of the DSM-5 Personality Disorders work group [28] was met with disapproval in the American Journal of Psychiatry by “experienced senior clinicians and researchers of diverse backgrounds who have expertise in personality disorders” [29].”
Personality Traits
Blow, T., Amar, P., & Chandler, R. (2025) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cps.2025.03.001
The Self- and Informant-Personality Inventories for ICD-11: Agreement, Structure, and Relations with Health, Social, and Satisfaction Variables in Older AdultsPreprint
Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kjqdu_v1
Obsessively perfectionist: a clinical cut-off for obsessive-compulsive personality using multidimensional perfectionism
Alves, M. M., Machado, G. M., & Carvalho, L. D. F. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07980-z
Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnoses in Facial Plastic Surgery: A Large Database Analysis
Lorenz, F. J., Ma, C., Givens, A. K., & Walen, S. G. (2025) · OTO Open · doi:10.1002/oto2.70135
“7,8 It is characterized by signi ﬁ cant instability in moods, behaviors, functioning, and self ‐ image, 9 which is what may frequently lead these patients to facial plastic surgery clinics.”
Network Architectures of Personality and Its Pathology
Köhne, A. C. J., & Isvoranu, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009445955.015
Examining differential item functioning and group differences across student and community samples on the Personality Inventory for the DSM-V-Short Form
van Zyl, C. V. (2025) · African Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.4102/ajopa.v7i0.175
“…comorbidity among disorders, within-disorder heterogeneity, the use of arbitrary diagnostic thresholds, unsatisfactory reliability and validity and the overuse of the Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified diagnosis (Huprich, 2015; Skodol, 2012; Trull & Durrett, 2005; Widiger & Trull, 2007).”
Using a measure of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorder traits to define personality types in people seeking eating disorder treatment: a pilot study
Gilmartin, T. L., Gurvich, C., & Sharp, G. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01413-9 · Cited by 1
“There has been a more recent shift towards understanding personality pathology from a dimensional perspective, concordant with current frameworks for understanding normative personality [8, 53, 56].”
Examining the Convergence of Clinicians’ Ratings of Maladaptive Personality Traits and Categorical Diagnostic Criteria of Borderline Personality Disorder
Oliveira, A. C. D. A., & Rodriguez-Seijas, C. (2025) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2025.39.5.355
Psychometric Properties and Clinical Utility of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 -Brief Form (PID-5-BF) in a U.S. Adolescent Sample: An Evaluation for Detecting Borderline Personality Disorder
Kiel, L., Balzen, K. M., Cano, K., & Sharp, C. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2569681 · Cited by 1
“…approach to personality pathology are well-documented (Clark, 2007; Hopwood et al., 2018), prompting a paradigm shift toward dimensional models that reconceptualize personality disorders (PDs) through personality functioning and pathological personality traits (Mulder & Tyrer, 2019; Skodol, 2012).”
A comparison of borderline personality features and level of personality functioning in explaining mentalizing capacity
Zell, C. S., Balzen, K. M., Boudreaux, J., Penner, F., & Sharp, C. (2025) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00329-9
“In response to concerns regarding the categorical framework for personality disorders, the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) was proposed as a replacement for the Section II model in DSM-5 [1, 2].”
Additional file 1 of Latent profiles of patients with borderline pathology based on the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders
Gamache, D., Savard, C., Leclerc, P., Payant, M., Côté, A., Faucher, J., Lampron, M., & Tremblay, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13889184
Etude des psychoses dissociées : Approche clinique et projective comparées
Prudent, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ab4b1fd9zc85ez4b30za640z24076e6e7ba3
A Comparison of the Clinical Utility of Dimensional and Categorical Diagnostic Systems for Use in Clinical Practice
Su, C. C.-Y., Bart, T. A., & Cicero, D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197769676.003.0026
Affect before diagnosis: applying affective neuroscience to psychiatry
White, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1858824
Experiences of loneliness among people with a diagnosis of ‘personality disorder’: A qualitative interview study in the UK
Ikhtabi, S., Morant, N. J., Rushforth, A., Rowe, S. L., Pearce, E., Dale, O., Pitman, A., & Johnson, S. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000671
Soziale Bedingungen bei Jugendlichen mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen
Konzett, L., Sevecke, K., & Gander, M. (2026) · PTT - Persönlichkeitsstörungen: Theorie und Therapie · doi:10.21706/ptt-30-3-312
A Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for Early Detection of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Kaur, N., & Sıngh, V. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0675-7.ch001
A Paradigm Shift: From a Categorical to Dimensional Diagnostic Model of Personality Disorder
Green, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.15760/honors.178
Stability over Time and the Role of Attachment in Emerging Personality Disorder in Adolescence: A Two Year Longitudinal Study
Crombie, T. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)

Authors: Skodol, A. E.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Corresponding author: Skodol, Andrew E.
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-04-27
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 317-344
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131
OpenAlex: W2124226322
Cited by: 360
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 5.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: personality disorders, DSM-5, diagnostic classification, personality pathology, diagnostic criteria, classification validity, psychiatric diagnosis, personality disorder assessment
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Psychological, Personality Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Personality Disorders in DSM-5

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks