The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes

Roberts, Brent W.; Kuncel, Nathan R.; Shiner, Rebecca; Caspi, Avshalom; Goldberg, Lewis R.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x

Cited by 2,361Personality Traits and PsychologyCognitive Abilities and TestingPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes

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Roberts, Brent W., Kuncel, Nathan R., Shiner, Rebecca, Caspi, Avshalom, Goldberg, Lewis R.·2007·Perspectives on Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.xPMC PMC4499872

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Abstract

The ability of personality traits to predict important life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive ability to test the relative contribution of personality traits to predictions of three critical outcomes: mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment. Only evidence from prospective longitudinal studies was considered. In addition, an attempt was made to limit the review to studies that controlled for important background factors. Results showed that the magnitude of the effects of personality traits on mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment was indistinguishable from the effects of SES and cognitive ability on these outcomes. These results demonstrate the influence of personality traits on important life outcomes, highlight the need to more routinely incorporate measures of personality into quality of life surveys, and encourage further research about the developmental origins of personality traits and the processes by which these traits influence diverse life outcomes.

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Conscientiousness was a stronger predictor of longevity than any other Big Five trait and a stronger predictor than either IQ or socioeconomic status.
“Conscientiousness was a stronger predictor of longevity than any other Big Five trait and a stronger predictor than either IQ or socioeconomic status.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner et al. [2007]
Traits related to Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness are associated with longer lives, whereas those related to Neuroticism are associated with shorter life spans.
“In general, traits related to Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness are associated with longer lives, whereas those related to Neuroticism are associated with shorter life spans.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner et al. [2007]
Most studies in the Roberts et al. meta-analysis control for relevant background factors, including gender and severity of disease.
“Most studies in their meta-analysis control for relevant background factors, including gender and severity of disease.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner et al. [2007]
All-cause mortality has consistently been associated with both socioeconomic status and personality traits.
“All-cause mortality has consistently been associated with both socioeconomic status (SES) (1-4) and personality traits (5).”
From Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States (2010) · cites this paper as [5]
The strength of associations between Conscientiousness and longevity appears comparable to those between longevity and SES and IQ.
“The strength of associations between Conscientiousness and longevity appears comparable to those between longevity and SES and IQ [59].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [59]

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Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense
Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919847202 · Cited by 3,295 · see citing works
“Analyses of the effects of personality on life outcomes have focused on long-term consequences such as health, relationship success, quality of life, and—that ultimate long-term consequence—longevity (Friedman et al., 1993; Ozer & BenetMartínez, 2006; Roberts et al., 2007).”
Background
A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.
Poropat, A. E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014996 · Cited by 2,729 · see citing works
Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis
Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020327 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century
Pellegrino, J. W., & Hilton, M. L. (2012) · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works
Public health significance of neuroticism
Lahey, B. B. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0015309 · Cited by 1,901 · see citing works
“To consider just one specific example of neuroticism influencing risk for negative life events, a number of longitudinal studies have shown that the neuroticism scores of both partners measured before marriage predict future separation or divorce (Donnellan, Conger, & Bryant, 2004; Karney & Bradbury, 1997; Kelly & Con…”
Background
Hard evidence on soft skills
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2012) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014 · Cited by 2,007 · see citing works
Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach
Schwartz, H. A., Eichstaedt, J. C., Kern, M. L., Dziurzynski, L., Ramones, S. M., Agrawal, M., Shah, A., Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D., Seligman, M. E. P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073791 · Cited by 1,700 · see citing works
PISA 2018 Assessment and Analytical Framework
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/b25efab8-en · Cited by 1,904 · see citing works
Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Reijntjes, A. H. A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 · Cited by 1,439 · see citing works
Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis.
Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M., & Lucas, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025948 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Social and Emotional Aging
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works
Who knows what about a person? The self–other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model.
Vazire, S. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017908 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers' accuracy and predictive validity.
Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021212 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention.
Roberts, B. W., Luo, J., Briley, D. A., Chow, P. I., Su, R., & Hill, P. L. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000088 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Self-citation
Personality predictors of academic outcomes: Big five correlates of GPA and SAT scores.
Noftle, E. E., & Robins, R. W. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.116 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Measurement Matters: Assessing Personal Qualities Other Than Cognitive Ability for Educational Purposes
Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (2015) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x15584327 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Dispositional optimism
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage
Eskreis-Winkler, L., Shulman, E. P., Beal, S. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
The economics and psychology of personality traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/umaror.2008001 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy)
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616666070 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Personality Development: Continuity and Change Over the Life Course
McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100507 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Personality and depression: explanatory models and review of the evidence
Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., & Bufferd, S. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Consequences of Age-Related Cognitive Declines
Salthouse, T. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100328 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Whole Trait Theory
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.009 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Personality Trait Change in Adulthood
Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Self-citation
Study Habits, Skills, and Attitudes: The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performance
Credé, M., & Kuncel, N. R. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00089.x · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success
Kautz, T., Heckman, J. J., Diris, R., ter Weel, B., & Borghans, L. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20749 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
A multidimensional approach to measuring well-being in students: Application of the PERMA framework
Kern, M. L., Waters, L. E., Adler, A., & White, M. A. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.936962 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship.
Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Back to the future: Personality and Assessment and personality development
Roberts, B. W. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.015 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Incremental Validity of Narrative Identity in Predicting Well-Being: A Review of the Field and Recommendations for the Future
Adler, J. M., Lodi-Smith, J., Philippe, F. L., & Houle, I. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315585068 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed?
Roberts, B., Lejuez, C., Krueger, R., Richards, J., & Hill, P. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031109 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Self-citation
Statistically controlling for confounding constructs is harder than you think
Westfall, J., & Yarkoni, T. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152719 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Strengthening State Capabilities: The Role of Financial Incentives in the Call to Public Service*
Bó, E. D., Finan, F., & Rossi, M. A. (2013) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjt008 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics
Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x · Cited by 569 · see citing works
The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena
Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., & Dowling, C. M. (2011) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051010-111659 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Political diversity will improve social psychological science
Duarte, J. L., Crawford, J. T., Stern, C., Haidt, J., Jussim, L. J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000430 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
The relations between parents’ Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review.
Prinzie, P., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., Reijntjes, A. H. A., & Belsky, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015823 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Small Effects: The Indispensable Foundation for a Cumulative Psychological Science
Götz, F. M., Gosling, S. D., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620984483 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
“A particularly compelling example of this phenomenon is personality, for which effects accumulate over entire lifetimes (Noftle & Robins, 2007; Prentice & Miller, 1992) and across most major life domains, including occupational attainment, social success, personal relationships, financial security, and mortality (Ozer…”
Background
Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk
Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
“For example, divorce is more common in those whose personality is characterized by greater neuroticism or lesser conscientiousness and agreeableness (Roberts et al. 2007).”
Background
A random walk down university avenue: Life paths, life events, and personality trait change at the transition to university life.
Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023743 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting the Big 5 personality traits from digital footprints on social media: A meta-analysis
Azucar, D., Marengo, D., & Settanni, M. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.018 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
PISA 2015 Assessment and Analytical Framework
OECD (2017) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/9789264281820-en · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development
Baumert, A., Schmitt, M., Perugini, M., Johnson, W., Blum, G. S., Borkenau, P., Costantini, G., Denissen, J. J. A., Fleeson, W., Grafton, B., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2115 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citation
From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development.
Dweck, C. S. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000082 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
How Replicable Are Links Between Personality Traits and Consequential Life Outcomes? The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project
Soto, C. J. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619831612 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Fostering and Measuring Skills
Kautz, T., Heckman, J. J., Diris, R., ter Weel, B., & Borghans, L. (2014) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review.
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death
Deary, I. J., Weiß, A., & Batty, G. D. (2010) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610387081 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The Situationist Critique and Early Confucian Virtue Ethics
Slingerland, E. (2011) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/658142 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Personality Processes: Mechanisms by Which Personality Traits “Get Outside the Skin”
Hampson, S. E. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100419 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon.
Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero Vie, M. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030841 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Sociogenomic Personality Psychology
Roberts, B. W., & Jackson, J. J. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00530.x · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citation
Short Scales – Five Misunderstandings and Ways to Overcome Them
Ziegler, M. D., Kemper, C. J., & Kruyen, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000148 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Personality traits below facets: The consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and utility of personality nuances.
Mõttus, R., Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., Riemann, R., & McCrae, R. R. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000100 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Personality Disorders in DSM-5
Skodol, A. E. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants
Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., & Ormel, J. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001653 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
The independent effects of personality and situations on real-time expressions of behavior and emotion.
Sherman, R. A., Rauthmann, J. F., Brown, N. A., Serfass, D. G., & Jones, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000036 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Divided we stand: Three psychological regions of the United States and their political, economic, social, and health correlates.
Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., Jokela, M. M., Stillwell, D. J., Kosiński, M., & Potter, J. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034434 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
NEET Youth in the Aftermath of the Crisis
Carcillo, S., Fernandez, R., Königs, S., & Minea, A. (2015) · OECD social employment and migration working papers · doi:10.1787/5js6363503f6-en · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Predicting personality from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones
Stachl, C., Au, Q., Schoedel, R., Gosling, S. D., Harari, G. M., Buschek, D., Völkel, S. T., Schuwerk, T., Oldemeier, M., Ullmann, T., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1920484117 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-perceptions of aging predict mortality and change with approaching death: 16-year longitudinal results from the Berlin Aging Study
Kotter-Grühn, D., Kleinspehn-Ammerlahn, A., Gerstorf, D., & Smith, J. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0016510 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Sex, Education and Procrastination: An Epidemiological Study of Procrastinators’ Characteristics from A Global Sample
Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1851 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
The Case for Conscientiousness: Evidence and Implications for a Personality Trait Marker of Health and Longevity
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9454-6 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citation
Childhood forecasting of a small segment of the population with large economic burden
Caspi, A., Houts, R., Belsky, D. W., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Ramrakha, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2016) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0005 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citation
Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis.
von Stumm, S., & Ackerman, P. L. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030746 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Personality and risk of Alzheimer's disease: New data and meta‐analysis
Terracciano, A., Sutin, A. R., An, Y., O’Brien, R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A. B., & Resnick, S. M. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.03.002 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Hard Evidence on Soft Skills
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18121 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Post‐traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations
Jayawickreme, E., Infurna, F. J., Alajak, K., Blackie, L. E. R., Chopik, W. J., Chung, J. M., Dorfman, A., Fleeson, W., Forgeard, M. J. C., Frazier, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12591 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Ever Failed, Try Again, Succeed Better: Results from a Randomized Educational Intervention on Grit
Alan, Ş., Boneva, T., & Ertaç, S. (2019) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjz006 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13810 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Child Temperament: An Integrative Review of Concepts, Research Programs, and Measures
Zentner, M. R., & Bates, J. E. (2008) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-2008-21203 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Theory-driven intervention for changing personality: Expectancy value theory, behavioral activation, and conscientiousness.
Magidson, J. F., Roberts, B. W., Collado-Rodriguez, A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030583 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citation
The genetics and evolution of the general factor of personality
Rushton, J. P., Bons, T. A., & Hur, Y. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.002 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
A Road Map for an Emerging Psychology of Social Class
Kraus, M. W., & Stephens, N. K. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00453.x · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Personality and All-Cause Mortality: Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis of 3,947 Deaths in 76,150 Adults
Jokela, M. M., Batty, G. D., Nyberg, S. T., Virtanen, M., Nabi, H., Singh‐Manoux, A., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt170 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Moral character in the workplace.
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., Turan, N., Morse, L., & Kim, Y. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037245 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Personality and Health, Subjective Well‐Being, and Longevity
Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., & Reynolds, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00613.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Knowing me, knowing you: The accuracy and unique predictive validity of self-ratings and other-ratings of daily behavior.
Vazire, S., & Mehl, M. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013314 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
What do conscientious people do? Development and validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Conscientiousness (BIC)
Jackson, J. J., Wood, D., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Harms, P. D., & Roberts, B. W. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.005 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.4.972 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
The power of play: The effects of Portal 2 and Lumosity on cognitive and noncognitive skills
Shute, V. J., Ventura, M., & Ke, F. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.013 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality TraitsPreprint
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1135909 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Personality Across the Life Span
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103244 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
The Promise and Problems of Organizational Culture
O’Reilly, C. A., Caldwell, D. F., Chatman, J. A., & Doerr, B. (2014) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601114550713 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Using wellbeing for public policy: Theory, measurement, and recommendations
Adler, A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v6i1.429 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Changing personality traits with the help of a digital personality change intervention
Stieger, M., Flückiger, C., Rüegger, D., Kowatsch, T., Roberts, B. W., & Allemand, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2017548118 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rethinking “Generation Me”: A Study of Cohort Effects from 1976-2006
Trzesniewski, K. H., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691609356789 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Fostering and Measuring Skills: Interventions That Improve Character and Cognition
Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2013) · doi:10.3386/w19656 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust
Evans, A. M., & Revelle, W. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.07.011 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Subjective Social Status: Construct Validity and Associations with Psychosocial Vulnerability and Self-Rated Health
Cundiff, J. M., Smith, T. W., Uchino, B. N., & Berg, C. A. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-011-9206-1 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain
Rentfrow, P. J., Jokela, M. M., & Lamb, M. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122245 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Imagine all the people: how the brain creates and uses personality models to predict behavior
Hassabis, D., Spreng, R. N., Rusu, A. A., Robbins, C. A., Mar, R. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht042 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Empathy Development in Adolescence Predicts Social Competencies in Adulthood
Allemand, M., Grünenfelder‐Steiger, A. E., & Fend, H. A. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12098 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Situational similarity and personality predict behavioral consistency.
Sherman, R. A., Nave, C. S., & Funder, D. C. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019796 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Persons, behaviors and situations: An agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era
Funder, D. C. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.041 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Employability and Career Success: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Reality
Hogan, R., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Kaiser, R. B. (2013) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Divorce and Death
Sbarra, D. A., Law, R. W., & Portley, R. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611414724 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007)
Self-citation
Individual differences as predictors of work, educational, and broad life outcomes
Kuncel, N. R., Öneş, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.042 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting Life Outcomes with Individual Differences in Personality and Cognitive Ability: A Longitudinal Heritability Study
Paulander, F. (2024) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Personality, cognitive skills and life outcomes: evidence from the Polish follow-up study to PIAAC
Palczyńska, M., & Świst, K. (2018) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-018-0056-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
New trends in research on personality traits: Contributions to economics and epidemiology
Takahashi, Y., Yamagata, S., & Hoshino, T. (2011) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.82.63 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Authors: Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
Colgate University (US)
Duke University (US)
Oregon Research Institute (US)
ORCID: Roberts, Brent W.
Kuncel, Nathan R.
Shiner, Rebecca
Caspi, Avshalom
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-12
Volume: 2
Issue: 4
Pages: 313-345
ISSN: 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
1745-6924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x
PMC: PMC4499872
OpenAlex: W2089632658
Semantic Scholar: bcbc6fe16b36fc8cbc28967c96039cbec4325875
Cited by: 2,361
References: 233
Citations by year: 2026: 94 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 239 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 157 · 2016: 180 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 55.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01ag020048-24)
National Institute on Aging (R01-AG020048)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH049227, R37MH049227, R01MH049414, R01MH045070)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: personality traits, socioeconomic status, cognitive ability, predictive validity, mortality, divorce, occupational attainment, life outcomes, quality of life survey

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The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes

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