The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ambulatory Assessment
Open accessAbstract
Ambulatory assessment (AA) covers a wide range of assessment methods to study people in their natural environment, including self-report, observational, and biological/physiological/behavioral. AA methods minimize retrospective biases while gathering ecologically valid data from patients' everyday life in real time or near real time. Here, we report on the major characteristics of AA, and we provide examples of applications of AA in clinical psychology (a) to investigate mechanisms and dynamics of symptoms, (b) to predict the future recurrence or onset of symptoms, (c) to monitor treatment effects, (d) to predict treatment success, (e) to prevent relapse, and (f) as interventions. In addition, we present and discuss the most pressing and compelling future AA applications: technological developments (the smartphone), improved ecological validity of laboratory results by combined lab-field studies, and investigating gene-environment interactions. We conclude with a discussion of acceptability, compliance, privacy, and ethical issues.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A particular advantage of mobile phone technology is its capacity to facilitate ecological momentary assessment (EMA); that is, self-monitoring of symptoms and behaviors in real-time and in real-world contexts [14,15].”
From Breaking open the black box: isolating the most potent features of a web and mobile phone-based intervention for depression, anxiety, and stress (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454
Prince, S. A., Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M., Hardt, J., Connor Gorber, S., & Tremblay, M. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-5-56 · Cited by 3,162
A wandering mind is an unhappy mind
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1192439 · Cited by 2,575
Handbook of research methods for studying daily life
Mehl, M. R., Conner, T. S., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-1159 · Cited by 2,121
Ecological Momentary Assessment (Ema) in Behavioral Medicine
Stone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. (1994) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/16.3.199 · Cited by 1,931
Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x466063 · Cited by 1,438
Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191 · Cited by 1,032
Experience sampling research in psychopathology: opening the black box of daily life
Myin-Germeys, I., Oorschot, M., Collip, D., Lataster, J., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004947 · Cited by 817
Patient non-compliance with paper diaries
Stone, A. A., Shiffman, S., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Hufford, M. R. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1193 · Cited by 810
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Bussmann JBJ, Ebner-Priemer UW. 2011. Ambulatory activity monitoring: assessing activity, posture, and motion patterns in daily life. See Mehl & Conner 2011, pp. 235–50
- Conner TS, Lehman BJ. 2011. Getting started: launching a study in daily life. See Mehl & Conner 2011, pp. 89–107
- Eid M, Courvoisier DS, Lischetzke T. 2011. Structural equation modeling of ambulatory assessment data. See Mehl & Conner 2011, pp. 384–406
- Goodwin MS. 2011. Passive telemetric monitoring: novel methods. See Mehl & Conner 2011, pp. 251–66
- Grassi A, 2007, Annu. Rev. CyberTherapy Telemed., 5, 123
- Mehl MR, Robbins ML. 2011. Naturalistic observation sampling: the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR). See Mehl & Conner 2011, pp. 176–92
- Portio Res., 2012, Portio Research Mobile Factbook 2012.
- 10.1037//0022-006X.64.2.366 · DOI · Paper page
- Smith A, 2012, 46% of American Adults Are Smartphone Owners.
- Solzbacher S, 2007, Frontiers in Stepped eCare—eHealth Methods in Behavioural and Psychosomatic Medicine, 111
- Wilhelm FH, Grossman P, Mueller M. 2011. Bridging the gap between laboratory and the real word: integrative ambulatory psychophysiology. See Mehl & Conner 2011, pp. 210–34
- Wilhelm P, Perrez M, Pawlik K. 2011. Conducting research in daily life: a historical overview. See Mehl & Conner, pp. 62–86
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–756 of 756
Buchner, L., Amesberger, G., Würth, S., & Finkenzeller, T. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01668-y
From mechanisms to meanings: toward a content-sensitive psychiatry
Nappe, L. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1742330
Thiel, J. C., Grünert, A., & Neubauer, A. B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6442492
He, Y., Liang, F., Yiming, W., Yuhan, W., & Tianpei, M. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.03.030 · Cited by 1
Positive effects of brief body exercises on mood: An interventional EMA study
Nitzpon, L., Rehder, J., Hohmann, R., Kunst, C., Gross, R., Nigg, C. R., Reichert, M., & Müller, M. (2026) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2026.106999
Emotion dysregulation in autistic adults : an ecological, self-report, and physiological approach
Costache, M. E. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/575e0a4az1174z4c91z976cz320b40c5304a
Szőke, H., Vagedes, J., & Balogh, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1757745
Chen, Q., Du, J., Yao, Z., Li, M. D., Jr., Liu, H., Cheng, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, X., & Mi, H. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790574
Transkulturelle systemische Familienberatung in der ambulanten Familienhilfe
Bruder, B. (2026) · Feedback · doi:10.30820/2752-2245-2026-1-67
Recognizing anxiety and depression in cancer patients based on speech and facial expressions
Xu, N., Wu, T., Sun, L., Xin, P., Tan, X., Luo, N., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1813727
“…structured data such as scale scores and clinical diagnoses, unstructured data like free text, images, audio and video have richer dimensions and stronger dynamics, and can capture deep psychological and behavioral characteristics that are dif fi cult to quantify by traditional methods (18, 19).”
Longitudinal research designs: Types, selection, and methodological challenges
Ručević, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26629-4.00319-1
Wright, L. A., Meyerhoff, J., Zhang, Y., Evans, J., Guo, B., & Morriss, R. K. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.26220.1
Bonn, K., Wohlfarth, D., Timm, I., Bender, O., Ebner‐Priemer, U., & Giurgiu, M. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/81502
“To overcome these limitations, intensive longitudinal studies (also known as ambulatory assessment or ecological momentary assessment) are currently the state ‐ of ‐ the ‐ art methodology for examining within ‐ person associations [50,51].”
Self-citationSameh, A., Nauha, L., Seppänen, M., Niemelä, M., Oussalah, M., Korpelainen, R., & Farrahi, V. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117242 · Cited by 2
Aggarwal, A., Jongerling, J., Vogelsmeier, L. V. D. E., Ghosh, S., Li, X., Monti, P. M., Padovano, H. T., & Yang, C.-H. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9817430/v1
Epistemic Governance in Social Media Radio LearningPreprint
Rashwan, S. (2026) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/ivsihv
24511 Exploring media psychophysiology: conceptual, theoretical, and methodological considerations
Leshner, G., Clayton, R. B., & Seo, J. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111203577-011
Guo, J., Frederick, J., Cunningham, L. D., Jacobson, N. C., Fisher, A. J., Pettit, J. W., McMakin, D. L., & Ng, M. Y. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01464-9
“Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) captures real– time (or near real–time) subjective thoughts, feelings, and behaviors reported by individuals or close others (e.g., a caregiver or significant other) in natural environments through frequent, repeated sampling (Trull & Ebner-Priemer, 2013 ).”
Knauth, K., Brands, A. M. A., Peters, J., & Korkmaz, D. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Smith, M. S., & South, S. C. (2026) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2026.2683364
Ou, Y., de Bruijn, G., & Schulz, P. J. (2026) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/88849
“Anxiety does not emerge instantaneously but rather unfolds through processes of accumulation, fluctuation, and recovery in response to environmental changes [13].”
Shams, P. (2026) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2026.100218
Daily relationship between air pollution and physical activity in an industrial region
Knapová, L., Lískovec, R., Cho, Y. W., Baretta, D., Keller, J., & Elavsky, S. (2026) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70186
“…momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous device-based monitoring, allow frequent measurement of behavior and context in participants' environments, reduce recall bias, and enable investigation of both within-and between-person variability (Reichert et al., 2020; Trull & Ebner-Priemer, 2013).”
Liu, P., Morales, J. C., Dunton, G. F., & Mason, T. B. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsag046
Pérez‐Esteban, A., Ciulin, B. A., Lijián, J., Falcó, R., & Díez-Gómez, A. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo · doi:10.70860/ufnt.rbec.e20689
Using Experience Sampling Methods to Study Identity Dynamics: A 5-Step Guide
Hu, Z., Ong, A. D., & Ram, N. (2026) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2026.2695595
“Thankfully, the now ubiquitous use of smartphones and participants’ willingness to use them for research make it relatively easy to launch and conduct ESM studies successfully (see also Mehl & Conner, 2012; Myin-Germeys & Kuppens, 2022; Trull & Ebner-Priemer, 2013).”
Ecological momentary assessment studies on food craving among healthy adults: A systematic review
Jun, D., Kong, S., Lee, G., & Fazzino, T. L. (2026) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2026.108721
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Grégoire, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90465-4_193-1
Solhi, M., Shirvan, M. E., Thumvichit, A., & Taherian, T. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107519
Hughes, C. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197851449.003.0520
Schmitz, S. E., Santangelo, P., Priebe, K., Friedmann, F., Fydrich, T., Steil, R., Müller‐Engelmann, M., Limberger, M. F., Hartnagel, L., Enning, F., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.107321
Self-citationOelker, A., Knorr, A., Brand, M., & Müller, S. M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352776
“The analysis consists of the descriptive statistics and comparisons between the classified groups (non-problematic, risky and pathological use) using ANOVAs calculated with SPSS version 29.”
Wichelhaus, E., Schreiber, D., Höller, I., & Forkmann, T. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/81095
“This design enabled the examination of short-term temporal fluctuations in entrapment and SI as they unfold in daily life, thereby capturing dynamic psychological processes with greater ecological validity [68,69].”
Pan, X., Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2026.2713105
Kelley, T. M. (2026) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-026-09749-2
Kornacka, M., Barnes, S., Skorupski, J., Skorupski, M. S., Jaskulska, A., Para, M., & Szastok, M. (2026) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2026.0018
Intensive Longitudinal Methods in School Research: A Systematic Literature Review
Schreiber, C., & Becker, M. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10203-x
“…longitudinal studies were previously conducted using pencil-and-paper questionnaires, technological developments have enabled the use of online questionnaires and smartphone applications, which are now the preferred method of data collection (Trull & Ebner-Priemer, 2013; van Berkel et al., 2017).”
Lyu, J., Liu, Y., Sun, L., Liu, G., Zhang, Z., Li, X., & Gao, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7289281
Navaneethan, N., & Quaglino, V. (2026) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2026.07.003
Lühr, M., Großmann, T., Bayer, N., Fegert, J. M., Gindele, V., Köster, S., Müller, S., Rassenhofer, M., Rauschenberg, C., Reininghaus, U., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122392
Rojas-Rincón, J., Gámiz-Sanfeliu, M., Ampatzoglou, A., Carballo-Márquez, A., Garolera, M., Fernández-Capo, M., & Porras-Garcia, B. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122447
Shi, F., Jiang, M., Ding, J., & Ning, H. (2026) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents6050084
Litzenberger, N., Jenni, G., & Wettstein, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1880670
Olfermann, R., & Reichert, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-73013-3_23
Röder, T., Olaru, G., van Scheppingen, M. A., & van Roekel, E. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01108-1
“…day also falls within the range typically used in ESM/EMA research (commonly 3–8 occasions daily), reflecting an estab - lished trade-off between capturing meaningful within-day variability and limiting partici - pant fatigue and noncompliance (Stone & Shiffman, 1994; Trull & Ebner-Priemer, 2013).”
Huanxiang, S. U. N., Sun, H., & Xie, X. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.114109
Han, J., Desjardins, M. R., McQuoid, J., Devkota, J., Waring, J. J. C., Lopez-Paguyo, K., Nguyen, N. P. T., Ling, P. M., & Thrul, J. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.70267
Dvořák, D., Kreidl, M., & Tancoš, M. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.112576
Temporal dynamics of affective-somatic networks in daily life
Lan, M., Xiong, J., Huang, Y., Yang, F., Pu, K., & Lin, J. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261489791
Fifield, K., Simblett, S., Graham, T., Blackford, K., & Tye, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10394948/v1
Kunst, C., Reichert, D., Rehder, J., Lenz, B., Giurgiu, M., & Reichert, M. (2026) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-026-04320-9
“Künstliche Unter-suchungssituationen können Erleben, Verhalten und physiologische Messwer-te verzerren [18].”
Meier, E. L., Hester, J., Le, H., Fletcher, V., Phan, H.-D., Ugent, L., & Intille, S. S. (2026) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2026_ajslp-25-00580
Ren, X., Liu, Y., Tian, T., Shang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti10110110
Xu, Y., Bairen, Z., Zhu, Z., & Li, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1908710
Alkhamees, A. A. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16213560
Toledo, M. J. L., Schneider, S., Smyth, J. M., Junghaenel, D. U., & Stone, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/99953
Metadata
- Authors
- Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- ORCID
- Trull, Timothy J.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2013-03-28
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 151-176
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4249763
- OpenAlex
- W4235675284
- Cited by
- 761
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA011998)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- ambulatory assessment, ecological validity, self-report, observational assessment, physiological assessment, symptom dynamics, recurrence prediction, treatment monitoring, treatment response prediction, relapse prevention, smartphone technology, gene-environment interaction, research ethics, participant compliance, privacy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Humans, Psychology, Clinical, Monitoring, Ambulatory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review