The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 140 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A Quantitative Nosology Based on Consensus of Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Traditional diagnostic systems went beyond empirical evidence on the structure of mental health. Consequently, these diagnoses do not depict psychopathology accurately, and their validity in research and utility in clinicalpractice are therefore limited. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium proposed a model based on structural evidence. It addresses problems of diagnostic heterogeneity, comorbidity, and unreliability. We review the HiTOP model, supporting evidence, and conceptualization of psychopathology in this hierarchical dimensional framework. The system is not yet comprehensive, and we describe the processes for improving and expanding it. We summarize data on the ability of HiTOP to predict and explain etiology (genetic, environmental, and neurobiological), risk factors, outcomes, and treatment response. We describe progress in the development of HiTOP-based measures and in clinical implementation of the system. Finally, we review outstanding challenges and the research agenda. HiTOP is of practical utility already, and its ongoing development will produce a transformative map of psychopathology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, this is in line with the proposed Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) system, where symptoms of mania are thought to associate with obsessive-compulsive symptoms like checking, ordering, and cleaning (Kotov et al., 2017, 2021).”
From Using network analysis to examine connections between Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) processes, internalizing symptoms, and well-being in a sample of undergraduates (2023) · cites this paper as Kotov et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
Self-citationInsel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067
The structure of phenotypic personality traits.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26 · Cited by 4,816
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
(2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3055 · Cited by 4,182
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies
Carroll, J. B. (1993) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571312 · Cited by 4,121
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Eysenck HJ., 1944, Br. J. Psychiatry, 90, 851
- Lorr M, 1963, Syndromes of Psychosis
- Machado PP, 2007, Int. J. Eat. Disord., 18, 309
- Regier DA, 2013, Am. J. Psychiatry, 168, 1186
- Ruggero CJ, 2019, Behav. Ther., 42, 208
- 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 594
Hajovsky, D. B., Maki, K. E., Niileksela, C. R., & McGill, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829251328205 · Cited by 11
“The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP; Kotov et al., 2021) has focused on the empirical results from factor analysis and other data reduction techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of mental disorders based on covariation among symptoms to develop empirically-based…”
Halladay, J. E., Kershaw, S., Devine, E. K., Grummitt, L. R., Visontay, R., Lynch, S. J., Ji, C., Scott, L., Bower, M., Mewton, L. R., et al. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112665 · Cited by 9
Goekoop, R., & de Kleijn, R. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105402 · Cited by 10
Interoceptive accuracy in children aged 8 to 13 and their parents: implications for mental health
Brand, S., Lang, K., Bellinghausen, C., Witthöft, M., & Jungmann, S. M. (2024) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2024.2348043 · Cited by 9
“With newer approaches of classifying psychopathology, notably the hierarchical taxonomy of Psychopathology (hitoP; Kotov et al., 2017; Kotov et al., 2021), it is becoming increasingly evident that mental disorders are better conceptualized as dimensions (or dimensional) rather than discrete…”
Langwerden, R. J., Thompson, M. G., & Wagner, E. F. (2021) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1519 · Cited by 10
Costa, D. D. S., Cianchetti, C., Dewey, D., Alvim-Soares, A., Kestelman, I., da Silva, A. G., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., de Miranda, D. M., & de Paula, J. J. (2023) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2023.02.008 · Cited by 8
Examining associations between early adverse life events and health anxiety using the DanFund study
Mertz, L. G. B., Carstensen, T. B. W., Frostholm, L., Ørnbøl, E., & Rask, C. U. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111496 · Cited by 8
Patel, T. A., & Cougle, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23478 · Cited by 7
Conway, C., Grogans, S. E., Anderson, A. S., Islam, S., Craig, L. E., Wedlock, J., Hur, J., DeYoung, K. A., & Shackman, A. J. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231205270 · Cited by 7
“Building on decades of success in developmental-psychopathology research, hierarchical-dimensional models of internalizing psychopathology set the stage for overcoming this key barrier (Achenbach, 1966, 2020; Kotov et al., 2017, 2021, 2022).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGomez, R., Karimi, L., Hein, K., Papapetrou, S., & Stavropoulos, V. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2024.2347188 · Cited by 8
“The structure of the HiTOP model Structurally, in the most recent version, HiTOP organizes psychopathology at six different hierarchical levels, moving upwards from narrow to broader constructs of psychopathology (Kotov et al., 2017; Kotov et al., 2021; Ruggero et al., 2019).”
Zheng, H., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241283908 · Cited by 8
“This structure is largely consistent with adult models but incorporates modifications in the placement/loadings of some items and the conceptual scope of the internalizing spectrum (e.g., Kotov et al., 2017, 2021).”
InfluentialThe mindful resiliency in recovery model: empowering the transcendence of stigma
Moniz-Lewis, D. I. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1460329 · Cited by 10
Mulay, A. L., Gottfried, E. D., Ruchensky, J. R., Russell, T. D., Natoli, A. P., & Hopwood, C. J. (2024) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2024.2420172 · Cited by 9
“While participants indicated slightly more familiarity with the AMPD than the HiTOP, results might suggest personality and psychopathology researchers could do more to ‘spread the word’ about these empirically supported alternative diagnostic models.”
InfluentialLamm, T. T., von Schrottenberg, V., Rauch, A., Bach, B., Pedersen, H. F., Rask, M. T., Ørnbøl, E., Wellnitz, K. B., & Frostholm, L. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102529 · Cited by 10
Nigg, J. T. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17029-3_2 · Cited by 7
Hawn, S. E., Hawrilenko, M. J., McDowell, Y. E., Campbell, S. B., Garcia, N. M., & Simpson, T. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23429 · Cited by 7
Casares, M. Á., Díez-Gómez, A., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2023.12.003 · Cited by 10
Casares, M. Á., Díez-Gómez, A., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1016/j.psicod.2023.11.002 · Cited by 11
Davis, C. N., Khan, Y., Toikumo, S., Jinwala, Z., Boomsma, D. I., Levey, D. F., Gelernter, J. E., Kember, R. L., & Kranzler, H. R. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000856 · Cited by 11
“LDSC accounts for differences in genetic similarity across and within populations by using linkage disequilibrium (LD) information — patterns of correlation between nearby genetic variants — from the 1000 Genomes Project (The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, 2015).”
Vargas, T., & Mittal, V. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005304 · Cited by 6
“Similarly, results lend support to HiTOP and dimensional models of psychopathology, affirming the utility of assessing symptomatology on a spectrum (Kotov et al., 2021; Krueger & Markon, 2011).”
BackgroundResultEtkin, P., Caluwé, E. D., Ibáñez, M. I., Ortet, G., & Mezquita, L. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104205 · Cited by 7
Lafrenière, S., Kharrat, F. G. Z., Sirois, C., Massamba, V. K., Rochette, L., Brousseau‐Paradis, C., Patry, S., Gagné, C., Lemasson, M., Gariépy, G., et al. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02369-w · Cited by 7
“) In our study, depressive and anxiety disorders were considered to be internalizing disorders, whereas substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorders were considered to be externalizing disorders and schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders were considered to be thought/psychotic disorders [1…”
BackgroundPetot, D., Petot, J., & Chahed, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-10004-w · Cited by 8
“…the general factor is the highest hierarchical level of the five levels of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), a quantitative and dimensional classification based on the work of many researchers (Kotov et al., 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021; Krueger et al., 2021; Watson et al., 2022).”
BackgroundHaywood, D., Pantaleo, A. M., Mullan, B. A., Heslop, K., & Baughman, F. D. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2177962 · Cited by 7
Snorrason, Í., Conway, C., Falkenstein, M. J., Kelley, K. N., & Kuckertz, J. M. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23156 · Cited by 7
“The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium (Kotov et al., 2017, 2021) recently proposed a consensus model based on the existing literature.”
Self-citationHoffmann, M. S., Moore, T. M., Axelrud, L. K., Tottenham, N., Rohde, L. A., Milham, M. P., Satterthwaite, T. D., & Salum, G. A. (2023) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1959 · Cited by 7
“Enormous effort has been made to move psychiatry and psychopathology to the next level of nosology (Insel et al., 2010; Kotov et al., 2021; Lahey et al., 2022).”
Mapping established psychopathology scales onto the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)Preprint
Wendt, L. P., Jankowsky, K., Schroeders, U., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., Montague, P. R., Zimmermann, J., & Olaru, G. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j4gp8 · Cited by 7
Alcohol use disorder criteria exhibit different comorbidity patternsPreprint
Watts, A. L., Watson, D., Heath, A. C., & Sher, K. J. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3fw2m · Cited by 7
Self-citationPaul, S. E., Colbert, S. M. C., Gorelik, A. J., Hansen, I. S., Nagella, I., Blaydon, L., Hornstein, A., Johnson, E. C., Hatoum, A. S., Baranger, D. A. A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.23285783 · Cited by 7
Zhang, W., & Hou, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05590-1 · Cited by 6
“In addition, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psy-chopathology (HiTOP) further suggests that there may be a general factor of psychopathology (p-factor) that play a role in the presence of multiple psychological symptoms (Kotov et al., 2021).”
Paul, S. E., Colbert, S. M. C., Gorelik, A. J., Johnson, E. C., Hatoum, A. S., Baranger, D. A. A., Hansen, I. S., Nagella, I., Blaydon, L., Hornstein, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00313-2 · Cited by 15
“4 and 5, and Supplementary Tables and 11).”
Reise, S. P., Block, J. M., Mansolf, M. A., Haviland, M. G., Schalet, B. D., & Kimerling, R. E. (2024) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2024.2430630 · Cited by 6
“If one believes that psychological constructs are hierarchically structured, such as in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HITOP; Kotov et al., 2021), then any construct above the lowest rung of the hierarchy must, by definition, have heterogenous content and, thus, include a major and…”
Cocuzza, C. V., Chopra, S., Segal, A., Labache, L., Chin, R., Joss, K., & Holmes, A. J. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75585-6 · Cited by 9
Do Cognitive Functions Belong in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Model? A Meta-Analysis
Ringwald, W. R., Amitai Abramovitch, A., van Rentergem, J. A. A., & Kotov, R. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916251347926 · Cited by 6
“…to include at least two diagnoses per each of the HiTOP superspectra (i.e., externalizing, emotional dysfunction, psychosis; Jonas et al., 2024; Krueger et al., 2021; Watson et al., 2022) for well-defined factors to emerge and to include constructs representing most major domains of cognitive…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSharp, C., Dong, F., Boone, K., Gilbert, K., Tillman, R., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., & Whalen, D. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0001044 · Cited by 6
“…is important to justify the need for a personality dysfunction concept that is distinguishable from internalizing – externalizing spectra given the known overlap between internalizing – externalizing spectra and traditional personality disorder (see Kotov et al., 2021; Tackett, 2006 for reviews).”
InfluentialshinyDLRs: A dashboard to facilitate derivation of diagnostic likelihood ratios.
Goodman, Z. T., Casline, E. P., Jensen‐Doss, A., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Bainter, S. A. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001114 · Cited by 6
Prospects for improved prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: Neuroscience Applied
Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Dickson, S. L., Millan, M. J., & Knudsen, G. M. (2022) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2022.100103 · Cited by 6
Tiego, J., Verdejo‐García, A., Anderson, A. C., Koutoulogenis, J., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.013 · Cited by 5
Cheli, S., Cavalletti, V., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001726 · Cited by 7
Methods for quantifying the heterogeneity of psychopathology
Buss, J., Watts, A. L., & Lorenzo‐Luaces, L. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05377-5 · Cited by 8
Harris, J. L., Swanson, B., & Petersen, I. T. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00464-1 · Cited by 12
“Thus, a hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology in children might not simply be a translation of the adult model, and instead would require more attention to developmentally informed changes in the presentation and covariation of psychopathology (Kotov et al., 2021).”
InfluentialAvoiding the pitfalls of the DSM-5: A primer for health professionals
Haywood, D., Castle, D. J., & Hart, N. H. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.07.006 · Cited by 6
González, D. A., Resch, Z. J., Obolsky, M. A., & Soble, J. R. (2023) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001230 · Cited by 7
Yu, G., Wu, X., Liu, Z., Becker, B., Zhang, K., Kuang, N., Kang, J., Dong, G., Zhao, X., Schumann, G., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.21263005 · Cited by 6
Family Genetic-Risk Profiles Associated With Divorce
Salvatore, J. E., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., Sundquist, K., & Kendler, K. S. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231214204 · Cited by 5
“…crosses diagnostic boundaries (Kendler et al., 2021b) and theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence that boundaries between disorders are often arbitrary and that symptoms and maladaptive traits can be hierarchically organized into increasingly broad dimensions (Kotov et al., 2017, 2021).”
Ormel, J., Vos, M., Laceulle, O. M., Vrijen, C., van der Laan, C. M., Nolte, I. M., & Hartman, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13979 · Cited by 8
Shao, W., Simmonds‐Buckley, M., Zavlis, O., & Bentall, R. P. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae154 · Cited by 5
“18 Examination of the individual symptom differences helps clarify this picture.”
Choi, H., Lee, H. S., & Roberts, N. P. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2447182 · Cited by 5
Melkevik, O., Nielsen, A. B. S., Friis, K., Lund, C., Schmidt, B. W., & Folke, S. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2465217 · Cited by 5
“Distress, in turn, is proposed as an indicator of internalization, along with sexual problems, eating pathology, fear, and mania (Kotov et al., 2021).”
Bowyer, C. B., Ribes‐Guardiola, P., Joyner, K. J., & Patrick, C. J. (2025) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241292049 · Cited by 5
“…disorders—has pointed to a need to distinguish phobic-fear disorders (e.g., specific phobia, social anxiety) from disorders involving pervasive anx-iousness (e.g., generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder; Kotov et al., 2017, 2021; Latzman et al., 2020; Watson et al., 2022).”
Clinical Staging for Psychiatry and Psychology
Dwyer, D., Ye, R. R., Nelson, B., & McGorry, P. D. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025310 · Cited by 8
The cross-site reproducibility of MRI morphometric phenotypes in psychiatric disorders
Cao, T. N., Pang, J. C. S., Gajwani, M., Segal, A., Holmes, A., Wiley, J. F., Fornito, A., Zhou, J. H., Chen, C., Ji, F., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02359-0 · Cited by 9
“…such as identification of genetic subtypes (for example, 22q11 deletion and other psychiatric syndromes resulting from rare genetic mutations 69 ), the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) 70 and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) 71 frameworks, may be helpful in this regard 2 .”
The prevalence of personality disorder in mental state disorder
Newton-Howes, G., Austin, S., & Foulds, J. A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000761 · Cited by 6
“The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (‘HiTOP model’) is the most recent and extensive iteration [19] backed by assertions of clinical utility [20].”
BackgroundYarrington, J. S., Vinograd, M., Williams, A. L., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Waters, A. M., & Craske, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.080 · Cited by 5
Correlates of externalizing psychopathology in incarcerated men
Rodrik, O., Weaver, S. S., Kiehl, K., & Koenigs, M. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001161 · Cited by 5
“Specifically, the HiTOP model proposes a general “superspectra” of externalizing traits (Krueger et al., 2021), which contains separate underlying spectra reflecting Disinhibited Externalizing and Antagonistic Externalizing traits (Kotov et al., 2017).”
Hoy, N., Lynch, S. J., Waszczuk, M. A., Reppermund, S., & Mewton, L. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1036794 · Cited by 5
“Another advantage of the latent variable approach is that it allows for directly modelling the observed correlational structure and dimensionality of psychiatric symptoms, providing more valid and reliable phenotypes than traditional disorder categories (15).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPsychopathology for the twenty-first century: Towards a ChatGPT psychopathology?
Cuesta, M. J. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.016 · Cited by 5
Romanian Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS-II)
Petre, L. M., Gheorghe, D. A., Watson, D., & Mitrofan, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1159380 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMitrović, D., Mihić, L., Sadiković, S., & Smederevac, S. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12878 · Cited by 5
Bonifay, W. E., Winter, S. D., Skoblow, H., & Watts, A. L. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241234118 · Cited by 5
“Indeed, the practice of relying exclusively on good fit as an index of model and theory replication has buttressed, even generated, entire bodies of research (e.g., structural models of psychopathology; Kotov et al., 2021).”
Hood, C. O., Southward, M. W., Badour, C. L., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23024 · Cited by 5
Kent, J. S. (2024) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101354 · Cited by 5
Bierling, A. L., Doering, S., Weidner, K., Pape, M., Kessler, H., Hofmann, T., Rose, M., Imbierowicz, K., Geiser, F., Rademacher, J., et al. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152532 · Cited by 5
Schroeders, U., Zimmermann, J., Wicke, T., Schaumburg, M., Lang, E., Trenkwalder, C., & Mollenhauer, B. (2022) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000795 · Cited by 5
New data toward fulfilling the promise of the ICD‐11 severity criterion
Sharp, C. (2022) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1549 · Cited by 7
Fisher, H. L. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13612 · Cited by 5
New approaches to deep phenotyping in addictionsPreprint
Watts, A. L., Latzman, R. D., Boness, C. L., Kotov, R., Keyser‐Marcus, L., DeYoung, C. G., Krueger, R. F., Zald, D. H., Moeller, F. G., & Ramey, T. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9hdfn · Cited by 5
Self-citationNetwork Analysis in Psychopathology: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Challenges
Serafim, P. H. M., Hasse-Sousa, M., & Czepielewski, L. S. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00438-y · Cited by 4
Lammer, L., Beyer, F., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Sacher, J., Glaesmer, H., Villringer, A., & Witte, A. V. (2025) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-025-01296-9 · Cited by 5
“This is more aligned with novel nosological systems like HiTOP [78] than traditional discrete taxonomies and better supported by empirical evidence on the nature of mental health [79, 80].”
Dugre, J. R., & Potvin, S. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02557-w · Cited by 6
“While the dimensional structure of psychopathologies has been well described [41], the impact of employing a broad level of measurement on our understanding of psychopa-thologies has yet to be uncovered.”
Evolutionary Systems Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: A Five-Case Series
Cheli, S., Goldzweig, G., Hewitt, P. L., Bui, S., & Cavalletti, V. (2025) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2025.39.1.61 · Cited by 4
Goulter, N., Kaouar, S., & Kimonis, E. R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106259 · Cited by 4
“Recent research initiatives emphasize a dimensional structure to psychopathology organized from broad spectra through to fine-grained traits and symptoms (i.e., Hierarchical Taxon-omy of Psychopathology; Kotov et al., 2021).”
Translating the Transdiagnostic: Aligning Assessment Practices With Research Advances
Vize, C. E., & Wright, A. G. C. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231194996 · Cited by 7
“2 Though a rapidly expanding literature has developed around HiTOP (see Kotov et al., 2021 for a recent review), a major goal of the HiTOP consortium has been to develop an empirically validated self-report instrument of the comprehensive model.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDevelopment and validation of a prognostic index for mental health and substance use disorder burden
Peltzman, T., Park, J. A., & Shiner, B. R. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.10.012 · Cited by 4
Stewart, R. A., Jones, D. N., Joyner, K. J., McDermott, K. A., Cougle, J. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10101-4 · Cited by 4
“Within the current HiTOP model (Kotov et al., 2021), it seems likely that appearance concerns would be of greatest relevance to inter-nalizing psychopathology, given its relationship to processes such as negative self-focus and associated anxious distress.”
Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of the DSM-5 Anxiety and Depression Severity Measures
Vidal-Arenas, V., Bravo, A. J., Ortet-Walker, J., Ortet, G., Ibáñez, M. I., & Mezquita, L. (2024) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000791 · Cited by 4
Ibrahim, K., Iturmendi-Sabater, I., Vasishth, M., Barron, D. S., Guardavaccaro, M., Funaro, M. C., Holmes, A. J., McCarthy, G., Eickhoff, S. B., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.003 · Cited by 5
Mihura, J. L., Boyette, L., Görner, K. J., Kleiger, J. H., Jowers, C. E., & Ales, F. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.051 · Cited by 4
McBride, S., Goulden, N., Barnicot, K., Corrigan, K., Shen, S., Guillemard, S., Effiom, V., Harrison, G., Nyathi, L., Charles, L., et al. (2025) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.70010 · Cited by 6
Empirical and Authoritative Classification of Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Neurocognitive Disorders
Saari, T. T. (2022) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21100249 · Cited by 4
Thinking hierarchically about posttraumatic response: Commentary on Lehinger et al. (2022)
Yalch, M. M., Gallagher, A. R., & Watters, K. N. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22891 · Cited by 4
“This general idea is the driving force behind a movement in the broader psychopathology literature examining the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP; Kotov et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBlanc, A., Sánchez‐García, M., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., Fernández‐Calderón, F., Lozano, O. M., la Rosa-Cáceres, A. D., & Díaz, C. (2023) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001206 · Cited by 5
Self-citationTheories of psychopathology: Potential to promote clinical science, empowerment, and justice.
Diehl, C., Heller, W., Yee, C. M., & Miller, G. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000827 · Cited by 4
Added value of neurotechnology for forensic psychiatric and psychological assessment
Kempes, M. M. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00015-3 · Cited by 6
Yu, R. A., Goulter, N., Godwin, J. W., & McMahon, R. J. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00459-y · Cited by 4
“However, the field is converging on the recognition of the limitations of traditional diagnostic categories for advancing understanding of mental health science and alternate models have been proposed arranging psychopathology through a hierarchy of dimensional phenotypes (Kotov et al., 2021).”
BackgroundFissler, P., Mavioğlu, R. N., Wenzel, M., Filippi, M., Stoewer, S., Wolff, W., Karabatsiakis, A., Pruessner, J. C., Kolassa, I., & Krähenmann, R. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b3qf5 · Cited by 4
Integrating and Distinguishing Personality and PsychopathologyPreprint
Wright, A. G. C., & Hopwood, C. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7nk9t · Cited by 4
Self-citationTraining the next generation of clinical psychological scientists: A data-driven call to actionPreprint
Gee, D. G., DeYoung, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Tillman, R. M., Barch, D. M., Forbes, E. E., Krueger, R. F., Strauman, T. J., Weierich, M. R., & Shackman, A. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xq538 · Cited by 4
“This has enabled the rapid development of new scales and novel digital platforms for using them (Kotov et al. 2021, Simms et al. 2022).”
MethodSelf-citationThe Basic Needs in Games (BANG) Model of Video Game Play and Mental HealthPreprint
Ballou, N., & Deterding, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6vedg · Cited by 4
Unifying principles of generalization: past, present, and futurePreprint
Wu, C. M., Meder, B., & Schulz, E. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6uz9q · Cited by 4
Zimmermann, J., Witthöft, M., Cicero, D. C., Forbes, M. K., Hopwood, C. J., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Sellbom, M., Simms, L. J., Wright, A. G. C., et al. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kp8yx · Cited by 4
Self-citationLavonius, V., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., Lyytikäinen, L., Mishra, B. H., Sormunen, E., Kähönen, M. A. P., Raitakari, O. T., Hietala, J. A., Lehtimäki, T. J., & Saarinen, A. I. L. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.05.017 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, Openness can be regarded as a dimensional susceptibility factor for psychosis: it is linked to the psy-choticism dimension of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorder and thought disorder dimension of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psy-chopathology (Kotov et al., 2021).”
Explaining heterogeneity: Latent profiles of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
McGuigan, L. M., Simons, M. U., Mengwasser, S. T., Marshall, P., & Hoelzle, J. B. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2025.2568595 · Cited by 3
The broad structure of psychopathology in the All of Us Research Program
Ehteshami, A., & Waldman, I. D. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102407 · Cited by 4
“It has become evident that traditional categorical nosologies have hindered progress in gaining insight into the etiology, treatment, and prevention of psychopathology (Hyman, 2010; Kotov et al., 2017, 2021).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDriessen, J., Goekoop, R., Voerman, S. A., Mulder, A., Verhaar, M., Bos, J. H., Glas, G. G., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251414040 · Cited by 3
Berlin, J., Wallinius, M., Nilsson, T., Karlén, M. H., & Delfin, C. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04609-y · Cited by 4
“The systematic co-occurrence of externalizing (as well as internalizing) problems and behaviors, along with perceived limitations of the DSM and ICD approach to classification [19], has led to the development of novel frameworks of classifying psychopathology.”
BackgroundMethodCowan, H. R., Williams, T. F., Mittal, V. A., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., Keshevan, M., Perkins, D. O., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae042 · Cited by 3
General and distinct correspondence between personality disorder and interpersonal functioning
Kwak, S., & Kwon, J. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104454 · Cited by 3
Doren, N. V., Zainal, N. H., Hong, R. Y. S., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10519-4 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, these CMD constructs exist on a continuum and are present in both normative and clinical samples (e.g., Kotov et al., 2021; Olatunji et al., 2019).”
Carlson, E. B., Barlow, M., Palmieri, P. A., Shieh, L. Y., Mellman, T. A., Cooksey, E., Parker, J., Williams, M., & Spain, D. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311256 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Cicero, D. C., Conway, C. C., DeYoung, C. G., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Hallquist, M. N., Latzman, R. D., Mullins-Sweatt, S. N., Ruggero, C. J., Simms, L. J., Waldman, I. D., Waszczuk, M. A., & Wright, A. G. C.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of North Texas (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Georgia State University (US)
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kotov, Roman
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2021-05-07
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-108
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W3127024923
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 42
- FWCI
- 15.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH122537)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, disease classification, dimensional models of psychopathology, diagnostic heterogeneity, comorbidities, diagnostic reliability, etiology of mental disorders, risk factors, treatment response, clinical implementation
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Mental Health, Psychopathology, Comorbidity, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
