The DOI matches its Crossref record; 237 of the 237 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biological and Psychosocial Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Call for Integration
Open accessAbstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) adversely affects the health and well being of many new mothers, their infants, and their families. A comprehensive understanding of biopsychosocial precursors to PPD is needed to solidify the current evidence base for best practices in translation. We conducted a systematic review of research published from 2000 through 2013 on biological and psychosocial factors associated with PPD and postpartum depressive symptoms. Two hundred fourteen publications based on 199 investigations of 151,651 women in the first postpartum year met inclusion criteria. The biological and psychosocial literatures are largely distinct, and few studies provide integrative analyses. The strongest PPD risk predictors among biological processes are hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation, inflammatory processes, and genetic vulnerabilities. Among psychosocial factors, the strongest predictors are severe life events, some forms of chronic strain, relationship quality, and support from partner and mother. Fully integrated biopsychosocial investigations with large samples are needed to advance our knowledge of PPD etiology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychosocial stressors such as lack of support, prior psychiatric history, and negative childbirth experiences further increase the risk of developing PPD.11”
From Influence of Neuraxial Anesthesia Technique During Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery and Association with Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review of Literature (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, confounding variables from unmeasured psychosocial variables, such as partner support, socioeconomic stress, prior trauma, and access to mental health care may influence reported associations.11”
From Influence of Neuraxial Anesthesia Technique During Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery and Association with Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review of Literature (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The development of PPD is multifactorial, influenced by biological, psychological, and social determinants.11,12”
In the citing paper
“Likewise, although animal studies have documented complex neurobiological modifications associated with the mammalian transition to parenthood (Lambert, 2012), biological factors have yet to be properly integrated within psychosocial studies of distress in the perinatal period (Yim, Tanner Stapleton, Guardino, Hahn-Holbrook, & Dunkel Schetter, 2015).”
From Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support (2020) · cites this paper as Yim, Tanner Stapleton, Guardino, Hahn-Holbrook, & Dunkel Schetter, 2015
In the citing paper
“our anxious-depressive symptoms latent factor encompassed scores on three standardized measures (i.e., CESD, STAI and GHQ) and was supplemented by prenatal assessments of both maternal and paternal cortisol (Yim et al., 2015).”
From Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support (2020) · cites this paper as Yim et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“most studies tend to investigate the contribution of only one or two risk factors altogether (e.g., Hetherington, McDonald, Williamson, Patten and Tough, 2018 [14]), so the communalities between biopsychosocial factors are not controlled and the unique contribution of each variable remains unclear [15].”
From Predicting Postpartum Depressive Symptoms from Pregnancy Biopsychosocial Factors: A Longitudinal Investigation Using Structural Equation Modeling (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“For example, biological factors, such as reproductive and stress hormones, psychological variables, such as beliefs and perceived anxiety control, social factors such as marital satisfaction and peer support, and contextual information (i.e., seasonal time frame or seasonal light exposure), have also been linked with depressive symptomatology in perinatal research [15,61], but were not included in”
From Predicting Postpartum Depressive Symptoms from Pregnancy Biopsychosocial Factors: A Longitudinal Investigation Using Structural Equation Modeling (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–237 of 237
Horowitz, J. A., Damato, E. G., Duffy, M. E., & Solon, L. (2005) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20068 · Cited by 49
Endocrine factors and postpartum depression. A selected review.
McCoy, S. J. B., Beal, J. M., & Watson, G. H. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 48
Grussu, P., & Quatraro, R. M. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.006 · Cited by 47
Effect of oestradiol on postpartum depression
Ahokas, A., Kaukoranta, J., & Aito, M. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051095 · Cited by 47
A stress-coping transactional model of low mood following childbirth
Honey, K. L., Morgan, M., & Bennett, P. D. (2003) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/0264683031000124082 · Cited by 47
Venkatesh, K. K., PHIPPS, M. G., Triche, E. W., & Zlotnick, C. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1394-7 · Cited by 45
Pinheiro, R. T., Coelho, F. M. D. C., da Silva, R. A., Pinheiro, K. A. T., Oses, J. P., Quevedo, L. D. Á., Souza, L. D. D. M., Jansen, K., Zimmermann-Peruzatto, J. M., Manfro, G. G., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2012.759555 · Cited by 44
Akıncıgil, A., Munch, S., & Niemczyk, K. C. (2010) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981380903213055 · Cited by 44
Domestic Abuse During the Previous Year in a Sample of Postpartum Women
Certain, H. E., Mueller, M., Jagodzinski, T., & Fleming, M. (2008) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00200.x · Cited by 43
Corticotropin-releasing factor and its binding protein in human plasma.
Lowry, P. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 42
The Psychosocial Work Environment and Maternal Postpartum Depression
Dagher, R. K., McGovern, P. M., Alexander, B. H., Dowd, B. E., Ukestad, L. K., & McCaffrey, D. J. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9014-4 · Cited by 42
Scrandis, D. A., LANGENBERG, P. W., Tonelli, L. H., Sheikh, T. M., Manogura, A. C., Alberico, L. A., Hermanstyne, T. O., Fuchs, D., Mighty, H. E., Hasday, J. D., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 42
Is Postpartum Depression a Disease of Modern Civilization?
Hahn‐Holbrook, J., & Haselton, M. G. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414547736 · Cited by 42
Self-citationFactors Affecting Postpartum Depressive Symptoms of Adolescent Mothers
Secco, M. L., Profit, S., Kennedy, E., Walsh, A., Letourneau, N. L., & Stewart, M. (2007) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00114.x · Cited by 41
Prenatal β-endorphin as an early predictor of postpartum depressive symptoms in euthymic women
Yim, I. S., Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., Chicz-DeMet, A., & Sandman, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.009 · Cited by 40
Self-citationPerceived Satisfaction With Social Support and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Latinas
Sheng, X., Le, H., & Perry, D. F. (2009) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659609348619 · Cited by 38
Fetal Sex, Social Support, and Postpartum Depression
Xie, R., He, G., Koszycki, D., WALKER, M. C., & Wen, S. W. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905401105 · Cited by 37
A history of personal violence and postpartum depression: is there a link?
Cohen, M. M., Schei, B., Ansara, D. L., Gallop, R., Stuckless, N., & Stewart, D. E. (2002) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s007370200004 · Cited by 36
Experimental and clinical data indicating the psychotropic properties of progestogens.
Wm, H., & Rc, B. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 34
Urquia, M. L., O'Campo, P. J., & Ray, J. G. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301116 · Cited by 33
Postpartum Daily Stress, Relationship Quality, and Depressive Symptoms
Page, M., & Wilhelm, M. S. (2007) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-007-9043-1 · Cited by 31
A Resilience Perspective of Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology in Military Wives
Schachman, K. A., & Lindsey, L. (2013) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12007 · Cited by 31
Postpartum depression symptoms associated with Val158Met COMT polymorphism
Alvim-Soares, A., de Miranda, D. M., Campos, S. B., Figueira, P., Romano‐Silva, M. A., & Corrêa, H. (2013) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0349-8 · Cited by 29
Social dynamics of postpartum depression: a population-based screening in South-Eastern Hungary
Kozinszky, Z., Dudas, R. B., Csatordai, S., Devosa, I., Tóth, É., Szabó, D., Sikovanyecz, J., Zádori, J., Barabás, K. N., & Pál, A. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0206-2 · Cited by 29
Reproductive hormones and postpartum mood disturbances in Greek women
Chatzicharalampous, C., Rizos, D., Pliatsika, P., Leonardou, A. A., Hassiakos, D., Zervas, I. M., Alexandrou, A., Creatsa, M. G., Konidaris, S., & Lambrinoudaki, I. V. (2010) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2010.501886 · Cited by 28
Phillips, J. L., Sharpe, L., Matthey, S., & Charles, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.011 · Cited by 26
Eastwood, J. G., Kemp, L., Jalaludin, B. B., & Phung, H. N. (2013) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/hs.43.2.d · Cited by 25
Hormonal predictors of postnatal depression at 6 months in breastfeeding women
Ingram, J. C., Greenwood, R. J., & Woolridge, M. W. (2003) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/0264683021000060075 · Cited by 24
Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders: What Do We Know And Where Do We Go?
Grigoriadis, S., & Romans, S. E. (2005) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340006775101481 · Cited by 22
Biogenic amines and thyrotoxicosis
Upadhyaya, L., Agrawal, J., Dubey, G., & Kn, U. (1992) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1260315 · Cited by 20
Kruse, J. A., Low, L. K., & Seng, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12015 · Cited by 20
Ho, C.-L., Chang, L.-I., & Wan, K.-S. (2013) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.45.1.a · Cited by 18
McVey, C., & Tuohy, A. P. (2007) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646830701467256 · Cited by 17
Khabour, O. F., Amarneh, B. H., Hani, E. A. B., & Lataifeh, I. M. (2013) · Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.2478/bjmg-2013-0016 · Cited by 16
Choi, H., Yamashita, T., Wada, Y., Kohigashi, M., Mizuhara, Y., Nagahara, Y., Nishizawa, S., Tominaga, T., & Fukui, K. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.051 · Cited by 16
Postnatal depression in mothers bringing infants to the emergency department
Stock, A., Chin, L., Babl, F. E., Bevan, C., Donath, S. M., & Jordan, B. (2012) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-302679 · Cited by 15
Postpartum depression and comorbid disorders: frequency and relevance to clinical management
Figueira, P., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., Romano‐Silva, M. A., Neves, F. S., & Corrêa, H. (2009) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0108-z · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Battin DA, 1985, Obstet. Gynecol., 65, 785
- Chatterji P, 2012, J. Ment. Health Policy Econ., 15, 61
- First MB, 2002, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P)
- Herrmann WM, 1978, Postgrad. Med. J., 54, 82
- Itil TM, 1974, Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp., 16, 1147
- Lowry PJ, 1993, Ciba Found. Symp., 172, 108
- McCoy SJ, 2003, J. Reprod. Med., 48, 402
- Scrandis DA, 2008, Int. J. Child Health Hum. Dev., 1, 167
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hahn-Holbrook, J., Cornwell-Hinrichs, T., & Anaya, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00248 · Cited by 667
Self-citationPathophysiological mechanisms implicated in postpartum depression
Payne, J. L., & Maguire, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.12.001 · Cited by 459
Maj, M., Stein, D. J., Parker, G., Zimmerman, M., Fava, G. A., De Hert, M., Demyttenaere, K., McIntyre, R. S., Widiger, T., & Wittchen, H. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20771 · Cited by 435
Maternal psychological distress & mental health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cameron, E. E., Joyce, K. M., Delaquis, C. P., Reynolds, K., Protudjer, J. L. P., & Roos, L. E. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.081 · Cited by 413
COVID-19 pandemic and maternal mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hessami, K., Romanelli, C., Chiurazzi, M., & Cozzolino, M. (2022) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1843155 · Cited by 384
Metadata
- Authors
- Yim, I. S., Tanner Stapleton, L. R., Guardino, C. M., Hahn-Holbrook, J., & Dunkel Schetter, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;, ,
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yim, Ilona S.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-03-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-137
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC5659274
- OpenAlex
- W2098303391
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 236
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (15750, NIMH T32, MH T32 15750, T32MH015750)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, biopsychosocial model, risk factors, inflammation, genetic susceptibility, psychosocial factors, life events, chronic strain, relationship quality, social support, postpartum depressive symptoms, etiology
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Psychology, Risk Factors, Depression, Postpartum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
