CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 561Social Media and PoliticsMedia Influence and PoliticsMisinformation and Its Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.

Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media

Open access
Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina, Petrova, Maria, Enikolopov, Ruben·2020·Annual Review of Economics
DOI 10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

How do the Internet and social media affect political outcomes? We review empirical evidence from the recent political economy literature, focusing primarily on work that considers traits that distinguish the Internet and social media from traditional off-line media, such as low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content. We discuss the main results about the effects of the Internet in general, and social media in particular, on voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, and politicians’ behavior. We also review evidence on the role of social media in the dissemination of fake news, and we summarize results about the strategies employed by autocratic regimes to censor the Internet and to use social media for surveillance and propaganda. We conclude by highlighting open questions about how the Internet and social media shape politics in democracies and autocracies.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239

Cites

88 of 90 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 88 references

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. Autor D, 2017, A note on the effect of rising trade exposure on the 2016 presidential elections
  2. Barberá P., 2015, How social media reduces mass political polarization: evidence from Germany, Spain, and the US
  3. Bessone P, 2019, Internet access, social media, and the behavior of politicians: evidence from Brazil
  4. Dal Bó E, 2018, Economic losers and political winners: Sweden's radical right
  5. Dustmann C, 2017, Europe's Trust Deficit: Causes and Remedies
  6. Enikolopov R, 2015, Handbook of Media Economics, 1, 687
  7. Field M, 2018, Telegraph
  8. Furceri D, 2019, Global incidents of corruption index
  9. Gladwell M., 2010, The New Yorker, 27
  10. Independent, 2019, Independent
  11. Inglehart R., 2018, Foreign Aff, 97, 20
  12. Krastev I., 2018, Foreign Aff, 97, 49
  13. Laub Z., 2019, Hate speech on social media: global comparisons
  14. Martin D, 2018, J. Inform. Warfare, 18
  15. Mitchell A, 2019, Many Americans say made-up news is a critical problem that needs to be fixed
  16. Mounk Y, 2018, Foreign Aff, 97, 29
  17. Qin B, 2019, Social media, information networks, and protests in China
  18. Rosenberg M, 2018, New York Times
  19. Rotesi T., 2018, Do social media matter? The impact of Twitter on political participation
  20. Schaub M, 2019, Eur. J. Political Res.
  21. Shane S., 2017, New York Times
  22. Silverman C., 2016, BuzzFeed
  23. Sunstein CR., 2001, Republic.com.
  24. Tufekci Z., 2018, MIT Technology Review, 14
  25. Yanagizawa-Drott D, 2020, Echo chambers: Does online network structure affect political polarization?

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 561

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., & Enikolopov, R.
Affiliations
  • Paris School of Economics (FR)
  • New Economic School (RU)
  • Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Economics
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2020-08-02
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
415-438
ISSN
  • 1941-1383 (ISSN-L)
  • 1941-1391
DOI
10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239
OpenAlex
W3123948795
Cited by
560
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 76 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 14
FWCI
20.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • Annual Review of Economics (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders
European Commission
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Keywords
internet, social media, political outcomes, voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, fake news, internet censorship, authoritarian regimes, surveillance, propaganda, democracy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review