The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.
Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media
Open accessAbstract
How do the Internet and social media affect political outcomes? We review empirical evidence from the recent political economy literature, focusing primarily on work that considers traits that distinguish the Internet and social media from traditional off-line media, such as low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content. We discuss the main results about the effects of the Internet in general, and social media in particular, on voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, and politicians’ behavior. We also review evidence on the role of social media in the dissemination of fake news, and we summarize results about the strategies employed by autocratic regimes to censor the Internet and to use social media for surveillance and propaganda. We conclude by highlighting open questions about how the Internet and social media shape politics in democracies and autocracies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Part of this trend might be explained by the Internet's informing users about government corruption (Zhuravskaya et al. 2020).”
From Social Media and Morality. (2024) · cites this paper as Zhuravskaya et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The spread of true and false news online
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aap9559 · Cited by 8,847
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 · Cited by 6,767
Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160 · Cited by 3,245
A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization
Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D. I., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11421 · Cited by 2,575
How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression
KING, G., PAN, J., & ROBERTS, M. E. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055413000014 · Cited by 2,415
Müller, J.-W. (2016) · doi:10.9783/9780812293784 · Cited by 2,219
The net delusion: the dark side of Internet freedom
Murphy, D. M. (2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-7161 · Cited by 1,907
Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election
Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau2706 · Cited by 1,803
Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook
Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4586 · Cited by 1,652
Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/499414 · Cited by 1,274
Research works printed but not linked: 25
- Autor D, 2017, A note on the effect of rising trade exposure on the 2016 presidential elections
- Barberá P., 2015, How social media reduces mass political polarization: evidence from Germany, Spain, and the US
- Bessone P, 2019, Internet access, social media, and the behavior of politicians: evidence from Brazil
- Dal Bó E, 2018, Economic losers and political winners: Sweden's radical right
- Dustmann C, 2017, Europe's Trust Deficit: Causes and Remedies
- Enikolopov R, 2015, Handbook of Media Economics, 1, 687
- Field M, 2018, Telegraph
- Furceri D, 2019, Global incidents of corruption index
- Gladwell M., 2010, The New Yorker, 27
- Independent, 2019, Independent
- Inglehart R., 2018, Foreign Aff, 97, 20
- Krastev I., 2018, Foreign Aff, 97, 49
- Laub Z., 2019, Hate speech on social media: global comparisons
- Martin D, 2018, J. Inform. Warfare, 18
- Mitchell A, 2019, Many Americans say made-up news is a critical problem that needs to be fixed
- Mounk Y, 2018, Foreign Aff, 97, 29
- Qin B, 2019, Social media, information networks, and protests in China
- Rosenberg M, 2018, New York Times
- Rotesi T., 2018, Do social media matter? The impact of Twitter on political participation
- Schaub M, 2019, Eur. J. Political Res.
- Shane S., 2017, New York Times
- Silverman C., 2016, BuzzFeed
- Sunstein CR., 2001, Republic.com.
- Tufekci Z., 2018, MIT Technology Review, 14
- Yanagizawa-Drott D, 2020, Echo chambers: Does online network structure affect political polarization?
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social Media, News Consumption, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Levy, R. (2021) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20191777 · Cited by 624
The Political Economy of Populism
Guriev, S. M., & Papaioannou, E. (2020) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20201595 · Cited by 639
Social Media and Mental Health
Braghieri, L., Levy, R., & Makarin, A. (2022) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20211218 · Cited by 673
Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.1.117 · Cited by 353
More human than human: measuring ChatGPT political bias
Motoki, F., Pinho Neto, V., & Rodrigues, V. (2024) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-023-01097-2 · Cited by 329
Identity Politics and Populism in Europe
Noury, A. G., & Roland, G. (2020) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542 · Cited by 290
3G Internet and Confidence in Government
Guriev, S., Melnikov, N., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2021) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa040 · Cited by 255
Self-citationCo-Writing with Opinionated Language Models Affects Users’ Views
Jakesch, M., Bhat, A., Buschek, D., Zalmanson, L., & Naaman, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581196 · Cited by 265
From Hashtag to Hate Crime: Twitter and Antiminority Sentiment
Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. R. (2023) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20210211 · Cited by 244
Buntaine, M. T., Greenstone, M., He, G., Liu, M., Wang, S., & Zhang, B. (2024) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20221215 · Cited by 220
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20221643 · Cited by 139
Van Bavel, J. J., Robertson, C. E., del Rosario, K., Rasmussen, J., & Rathje, S. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022123-110258 · Cited by 121
Do social media undermine social cohesion? A critical review
González‐Bailón, S., & Yphtach Lelkes, B. (2022) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12091 · Cited by 143
Media, Pulpit, and Populist Persuasion: Evidence from Father Coughlin
Wang, T. (2021) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20200513 · Cited by 101
The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment
Allcott, H., Gentzkow, M. A., Mason, W., Wilkins, A. S., Barberá, P., Brown, T., Cisneros, J. C., Crespo-Tenorio, A., Dimmery, D., Freelon, D., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2321584121 · Cited by 111
Broadband Internet and social capital
Geraci, A., Nardotto, M., Reggiani, T., & Sabatini, F. (2022) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104578 · Cited by 89
Social Media for Public Health: Framework for Social Media–Based Public Health Campaigns
Hunt, I. D. V., & Linos, E. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/42179 · Cited by 109
The Effect of Social Media on Elections: Evidence from The United States
Fujiwara, T., Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. R. (2023) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvad058 · Cited by 107
Research on opinion polarization by big data analytics capabilities in online social networks
Xing, Y., Wang, X., Qiu, C., Li, Y., & He, W. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101902 · Cited by 82
Marchal, N. (2021) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502211042516 · Cited by 94
Aridor, G., Jiménez-Durán, R., Levy, R., & Song, L. (2024) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20241743 · Cited by 85
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30079 · Cited by 72
Validated digital literacy measures for populations with low levels of internet experiences
Ali, A., Raza, A. A., & Qazi, I. A. (2023) · Development Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.deveng.2023.100107 · Cited by 67
Surjatmodjo, D., Unde, A. A., Cangara, H., & Sonni, A. F. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13080418 · Cited by 121
Spotting Political Social Bots in Twitter: A Use Case of the 2019 Spanish General Election
Pastor-Galindo, J., Zago, M., Nespoli, P., Bernal, S. L., Celdrán, A., Pérez, M., Ruipérez-Valiente, J. A., Pérez, G., & Mármol, F. G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2020.3031573 · Cited by 48
The monitoring role of social media
Heese, J., & Pacelli, J. (2023) · Review of Accounting Studies · doi:10.1007/s11142-023-09757-w · Cited by 55
Activism and Social Media: Youth Participation and Communication
Ramos, A. C., Torrecilla-García, J. A., Landa–Blanco, M., Gutiérrez, F. J. P., & Mesa, M. T. C. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810485 · Cited by 92
Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts
Henry, E., Zhuravskaya, E. V., & Guriev, S. M. (2022) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20210037 · Cited by 53
Self-citationAli, A., & Qazi, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103108 · Cited by 83
Learning from Shared News: When Abundant Information Leads to Belief Polarization
Bowen, T. R., Dmitriev, D., & Galperti, S. (2023) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjac045 · Cited by 50
Social Media and Collective Action in China
Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta20146 · Cited by 50
The Political Economics of Non-democracy
Egorov, G., & Сонин, К. И. (2020) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20221494 · Cited by 53
Social Image, Networks, and Protest ParticipationPreprint
Сергеевич, Е. Р., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2940171 · Cited by 45
Self-citationThe complex link between filter bubbles and opinion polarization
Keijzer, M. A., & Mäs, M. (2022) · Data Science · doi:10.3233/ds-220054 · Cited by 49
“Born for a Storm”: Hard-Right Social Media and Civil Unrest
Karell, D., Linke, A. M., Holland, E. C., & Hendrickson, E. (2023) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231156190 · Cited by 59
The Russian war in Ukraine increased Ukrainian language use on social media
Racek, D., Davidson, B. I., Thurner, P. W., Zhu, X. X., & Kauermann, G. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-023-00045-6 · Cited by 43
Chang, K., & Park, J. (2020) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220940962 · Cited by 52
Mobile Internet access and political outcomes: Evidence from South Africa
Donati, D. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103073 · Cited by 42
ICT, collaboration, and innovation: Evidence from BITNET
Wernsdorf, K., Nagler, M., & Watzinger, M. (2022) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104678 · Cited by 41
Democratic Backsliding in Africa?
(2022) · Oxford University Press · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192867322.001.0001 · Cited by 39
Social Media and Xenophobia: Evidence from Russia
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., & George, B. Y. (2018) · AEA Randomized Controlled Trials · doi:10.1257/rct.3066-1.0 · Cited by 39
Demand for Online News under Government Control: Evidence from Russia
Simonov, A., & Rao, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/717351 · Cited by 22
How Politicians Learn from Citizens’ Feedback: The Case of Gender on Twitter
Schoell, N., Gallego, A., & Mens, G. L. (2023) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12772 · Cited by 37
Amundsen, D. (2022) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2022.101009 · Cited by 41
Taxing dissent: The impact of a social media tax in Uganda
Boxell, L., & STEINERT-THRELKELD, Z. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105950 · Cited by 33
Distract and Divert: How World Leaders Use Social Media During Contentious Politics
Barberá, P., Gohdes, A., Iakhnis, E., & Zeitzoff, T. (2022) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612221102030 · Cited by 39
Comparing Sentence-Level Suggestions to Message-Level Suggestions in AI-Mediated Communication
Fu, L., Newman, B., Jakesch, M., & Kreps, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581351 · Cited by 31
Bao, T., Liang, B., & Riyanto, Y. E. (2021) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101650 · Cited by 28
The Shape of Things to Come: International Migration in the Twenty-First Century
Massey, D. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19153-4_2 · Cited by 33
Mobile Internet and Political PolarizationPreprint
Melnikov, N. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3937760 · Cited by 34
Alduosari, M. F., Albuloshi, T., Alsaber, A., Saeed, F. A., Alkandari, A. M., Anbar, A., Alboloushi, B., & Helmy, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1546128 · Cited by 34
All Eyes on Them: A Field Experiment on Citizen Oversight and Electoral Integrity
Garbiras-Díaz, N., & Montenegro, M. (2022) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20210778 · Cited by 32
The Economics of Content Moderation: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Hate Speech on TwitterPreprint
Jiménez-Durán, R. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4044098 · Cited by 35
González‐Bailón, S., & Xenos, M. A. (2020) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2022.2072750 · Cited by 36
The roots of polarization in the individual reward system
Lefebvre, G., Deroy, O. D., & Bahrami, B. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2011 · Cited by 26
The great divide: drivers of polarization in the US public
Böttcher, L., & Gersbach, H. (2020) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00249-4 · Cited by 28
Blow the Lid Off: Public Complaints, Bargaining Power, and Government Responsiveness on Social Media
Wang, Q., Liu, M., Xu, J., & Zhang, B. (2023) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-023-00761-x · Cited by 23
Kuznetsova, D. (2023) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2233444 · Cited by 24
The political effects of X’s feed algorithm
Gauthier, G., Hodler, R., Widmer, P., & Zhuravskaya, E. V. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10098-2 · Cited by 46
Self-citationEnríquez, J. R., Larreguy, H., Marshall, J., & Simpser, A. (2024) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvae011 · Cited by 30
The Employment Effects of Mobile Internet in Developing Countries
Chiplunkar, G., & Goldberg, P. K. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30741 · Cited by 28
The Economic Impact of Internet Connectivity in Developing Countries
Hjort, J., & Tian, L. (2025) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352 · Cited by 76
Media Coverage of Immigration and the Polarization of Attitudes
Schneider-Strawczynski, S., & Valette, J. (2024) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20230300 · Cited by 27
Si, K., Jalees, T., Zaman, S. I., Alam, S. H., & Khan, S. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2251204 · Cited by 26
Gowder, P. A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108975438 · Cited by 21
Berger, L., Kerkhof, A., Mindl, F., & Münster, J. (2025) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105345 · Cited by 38
Dismantling the Deadlock: Australian Muslim Women’s Fightback against the Rise of Right-Wing Media
Giotis, C. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10020071 · Cited by 19
Dreston, J. H., & Neubaum, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1250051 · Cited by 19
Self-perception evolution among university student TikTok users: evidence from China
Zhu, J. J., Ma, Y., Xia, G., Salle, S. M., Huang, H., & Sannusi, S. N. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1217014 · Cited by 29
The Mobilizing Power of Visual Media Across Stages of Social-Mediated Protests
Lu, Y., & Peng, Y. (2024) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2317951 · Cited by 25
Mosca, L., & Quaranta, M. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.1894211 · Cited by 19
The Political Economy of Propaganda: Evidence from Us NewspapersPreprint
Ottinger, S., & Posch, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4114624 · Cited by 20
The Effect of Content Moderation on Online and Offline Hate: Evidence from Germany's NetzDGPreprint
Durán, R. J., Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. R. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4230296 · Cited by 20
Gao, M., & Pu, P. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3419212 · Cited by 19
Effect of Media News on Radicalization of Attitudes to Immigration
Agovino, M., Carillo, M. R., & Spagnolo, N. (2021) · Journal of Economics Race and Policy · doi:10.1007/s41996-021-00091-4 · Cited by 19
An Efficient Trust Management Technique Using ID3 Algorithm With Blockchain in Smart Buildings IoT
Jeribi, F., Amin, R., Alhameed, M. H., et al. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3230944 · Cited by 18
Social Media and Mental Health
Braghieri, L., Levy, R., & Makarin, A. (2021) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3919760 · Cited by 18
The Economics of Content Moderation: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Hate Speech on TwitterPreprint
Jiménez-Durán, R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4590147 · Cited by 18
Do social media ads matter for political behavior? A field experiment
Beknazar-Yuzbashev, G., & Stalinski, M. (2022) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104735 · Cited by 17
Freedom and Constraint in Digital Environments: Implications for the Self
Talaifar, S., & Lowery, B. S. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221098036 · Cited by 21
Abdulkareem, A. K., Abdulkareem, Z. J., Ishola, A. A., Lawan, B. M., & Oladimeji, K. A. (2022) · International Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/12294659.2022.2136054 · Cited by 17
Media Effects in a Polarized Political System: The Case of Turkey
Çarkoğlu, A., & Yıldırım, K. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09867-w · Cited by 17
Sharing News Left and Right: Frictions and Misinformation on Twitter
Ershov, D., & Morales, J. S. (2024) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueae027 · Cited by 16
Domínguez, A. G., Roig‐Tierno, N., Chaparro‐Banegas, N., & Álvarez‐Coque, J. M. G. (2024) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103341 · Cited by 18
de Zúñiga, H. G., Marcos-Marné, H., & Carty, E. (2022) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2022.2139310 · Cited by 23
Legislating during war: Conflict and politics in Colombia
Morales, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104325 · Cited by 17
Contextures of hate: Towards a systems theory of hate communication on social media platforms
Barth, N., Wagner, E., Raab, P., & Wiegärtner, B. (2023) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714421.2023.2208513 · Cited by 26
Liu, W., Xiao, W., Li, Y., & Westlund, H. (2024) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2024.2331423 · Cited by 16
Sabatini, F. (2024) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12629 · Cited by 16
Curtailing False News, Amplifying Truth
Guriev, S. M., Henry, E., Marquis, T., & Zhuravskaya, E. V. (2026) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta22524 · Cited by 18
Self-citationShutdown policies and conflict worldwide
Berman, N., Couttenier, M., Monnet, N., & Ticku, R. (2021) · Journal of comparative economics (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2021.09.004 · Cited by 14
Nissen, I. A., Walter, J. G., Charquero‐Ballester, M., & Bechmann, A. (2022) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2022.2026795 · Cited by 17
Spreading expertise: think tanks as digital advocators in the social media era
Zhao, J. C., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Policy and Society · doi:10.1093/polsoc/puad025 · Cited by 15
Tella, R. D., Gálvez, R. H., & Schargrodsky, E. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29458 · Cited by 17
Al-leimon, O., Pan, W., Jaber, A.-R., Al-leimon, A., Jaber, A. R., Aljahalin, M., & Dardas, L. A. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13030252 · Cited by 25
Politische Polarisierung: Zur Systematisierung eines vielschichtigen Konzepts
Roose, J., & Steinhilper, E. (2022) · Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen · doi:10.1515/fjsb-2022-0020 · Cited by 16
Choi, T. J., & Valente, M. (2022) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2022.1644 · Cited by 15
Early Prediction and Detection of Anxiety Level Using Support Vector Machine
Sadariya, T., & Verma, S. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6550-2_22 · Cited by 15
How user language affects conflict fatality estimates in ChatGPT
Steinert, C., & Kazenwadel, D. (2024) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433241279381 · Cited by 22
Political equality: what is it and why does it matter?
Beramendi, P., Besley, T. J., & Levi, M. (2024) · Oxford Open Economics · doi:10.1093/ooec/odad055 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., & Enikolopov, R.
- Affiliations
- Paris School of Economics (FR)
- New Economic School (RU)
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
- Venue
- Annual Review of Economics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-08-02
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 415-438
- ISSN
- 1941-1383 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1391
- OpenAlex
- W3123948795
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 20.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Annual Review of Economics (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Keywords
- internet, social media, political outcomes, voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, fake news, internet censorship, authoritarian regimes, surveillance, propaganda, democracy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
