Movement and Demography of At-Risk Butterflies: Building Blocks for Conservation

Schultz, Cheryl B.; Haddad, Nick M.; Henry, Erica H.; Crone, Elizabeth E.

doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112204

Cited by 49Lepidoptera: Biology and TaxonomyEntomological Studies and EcologyPlant and animal studies

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Movement and Demography of At-Risk Butterflies: Building Blocks for Conservation

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Schultz, Cheryl B., Haddad, Nick M., Henry, Erica H., Crone, Elizabeth E.·2019·Annual Review of Entomology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112204

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Abstract

The number of insect species at risk of population decline and extinction is increasing rapidly. Yet we know almost nothing about the ecology of these species, except for at-risk butterflies. A growing body of literature shows how butterfly vital rates, including demography and movement, are essential for guiding conservation and recovery. History has shown us that without these data, conservation decisions often weaken, rather than enhance, population viability. This is especially true in changing landscapes. We review knowledge of vital rates across all at-risk butterflies. We have information on movement for 17 of 283 butterfly species and information on demography for 19 species. We find that habitat-specific movement behavior is key to understanding how to connect populations, and habitat-specific demography is central to managing habitats. Methods and analyses worked out for butterflies can provide a scaffold around which to build studies for the conservation of other at-risk insects.

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Closely linked pairs of species involved in relationships like pollination may become extinct simultaneously.
“Similarly, closely linked pairs of species involved in relationships like pollination may become extinct simultaneously (49–51).”
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Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction
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Light pollution is a driver of insect declines
Owens, A. C. S., Cochard, P., Durrant, J., Farnworth, B., Perkin, E. K., & Seymoure, B. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108259 · Cited by 476
“fitness of insect species (Hammock and Wetzel, 2013; Rankin, 1985), and are necessary to the recovery of at-risk metapopulations (Schultz et al., 2019).”
Background
Can cattle grazing benefit grassland butterflies?
Bussan, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-022-00373-8 · Cited by 42
Artificial light impacts the mate success of female fireflies
Owens, A. C. S., & Lewis, S. M. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220468 · Cited by 36
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“Often though, the most commonly selected oviposition sites are suboptimal for the development of the offspring (Rausher 1979, Schultz et al. 2019).”
Background
Butterflies are weakly protected in a mega-populated country, Bangladesh
Chowdhury, S., Alam, S., Chowdhury, S. U., Rokonuzzaman, M., Shahriar, S. A., Shome, A. R., & Fuller, R. A. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01484 · Cited by 28
Behavioral responses of bioluminescent fireflies to artificial light at night
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“The primary dispersing life stage (larvae, adult males or females) is also unknown for nearly every species (but see Kaufmann, 1965), despite how crucial this information is for conservation planning (Schultz et al., 2019).”
Background
The importance of including habitat-specific behaviour in models of butterfly movement
Evans, L. C., Sibly, R. M., Thorbek, P., Sims, I., Oliver, T. H., & Walters, R. J. (2020) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04638-4 · Cited by 27
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“…make insects more or less sensitive to population stressors, as these topics have been addressed elsewhere in North America (Forister et al., 2021; Schultz et al., 2019; Wepprich et al., 2019), the Neotropics (Janzen & Hallwachs, 2019; Salcido et al., 2020), and numerous other parts of the world…”
Background
Bringing population ecology back to wild bees
Dorian, N. N., McCarthy, M. W., & Crone, E. E. (2024) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4973 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
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Self-citation
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“For example, low- mobility butterflies and habitat specialists may require specific habitat retention in intensively managed landscapes (Toivonen et al., 2016) and may require targeted fire regimes to enhance population survival (Schultz et al., 2018).”
Background
Movement across woodland edges suggests plantations and farmland are barriers to dispersal
Sweaney, N., Lindenmayer, D. B., & Driscoll, D. A. (2021) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-021-01340-5 · Cited by 13
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Self-citation
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“These habitats have the potential to support life by providing food and shelters (Rembold et al. 2017; Schultz et al. 2019).”
Background
Unstructured citizen science reduces the perception of butterfly local extinctions: the interplay between species traits and user effort
van Tongeren, E., Sistri, G., Bonifacino, M., Menchetti, M., Pasquali, L., Salvati, V., Balletto, E., Bonelli, S., Cini, A., Portera, M., et al. (2023) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-023-02721-9 · Cited by 11
“…1979; Courtney et al. 1982; Jennersten 1984), their concerning conservation status (Franzén and Johannesson 2007; Dirzo et al. 2014; McDermott Long et al. 2017; Schultz et al. 2019) and their ease of monitoring by citizen scientists (van Swaay et al. 2008; Wei et al. 2016; Prudic et al. 2017).”
Background
Phenological constancy and management interventions predict population trends in at‐risk butterflies in the United States
Edwards, C. B., Schultz, C. B., Campbell, S., Fallon, C. E., Henry, E. H., King, K. C., Linders, M. J., Longcore, T., Marschalek, D. A., Sinclair, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14735 · Cited by 9
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Demographic costs and benefits of herbicide‐based restoration to enhance habitat for an endangered butterfly and a threatened plant
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“Few studies on at-risk insects assess the demographic responses to restoration tools (Schultz et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Restoration success varies based on time since restoration in a disturbance‐dependent ephemeral wetland ecosystem
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Clear-cuts support the metapopulation of a critically endangered butterfly
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“The viability of insect populations in fragmented landscapes ultimately depends on the ability of individuals to reach and settle in patches of favorable habitat (Thomas and Harrison 1992; Bowler and Benton 2005; Morales et al. 2010; Schultz et al. 2019).”
Background
Solar radiation determines host choice, larval feeding and survival throughout the life cycle of an endangered open forest butterfly
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“The review of Schultz et al. (2019) revealed that estimates of vital rates throughout the life-cycle are available for very few endangered butterfly species, only.”
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Self-citation
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“Despite differential contributions of each life stage to individual lifetime fitness (Kingsolver et al. 2011; Radchuk et al. 2014), most studies of ectotherm demography focus on a single life stage rather than measuring vital rates at multiple life stages (Radchuk et al. 2013; Schultz et al. 2019).”
Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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“Population structure arises from the dynamics of birth, death and movement in landscapes, which can cause changes in abundance, sex and age composition and habitat use throughout the seasons (Young 1982; Schultz et al. 2019).”
Background
Intraspecific variation in sex-biased dispersal of a threatened ecotone butterfly between forest patches in a mosaic landscape
Sielezniew, M., Sielezniew, I., Deoniziak, K., Bystrowski, C., & Nowicki, P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11817-x · Cited by 2
“Knowledge on mobility is therefore key in the context of conservation, especially in ensuring appropriate connectivity among patches 16 .”
Assessing risk for butterflies in the context of climate change, demographic uncertainty, and heterogenous data sourcesPreprint
Forister, M. L., Grames, E. M., Halsch, C. A., Burls, K. J., Carroll, C. F., Bell, K. L., Jahner, J. P., Bradford, T. A., Zhang, J., Cong, Q., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.492972 · Cited by 2
Population genetics of the endangered narrowly endemic Island Marble butterfly (Euchloe ausonides insulanus)
Jones, K. S., Aunins, A., Young, C. C., Johnson, R. L., & Morrison, C. L. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1007/s10592-025-01737-8
“Although low genetic diversity is a serious risk factor for extinction, it must be considered within the context of a species’ ecology and demographic history to determine the likely impact (Schultz et al. 2019; Teixeira and Huber 2021 ; DiLeo et al. 2024).”
Saving butterflies in the city: gardens as conservation spaces in urban landscapes.
Nason, L. D. (2021) · doi:10.18297/etd/3643 · Cited by 1
Butterfly diversity and land manager decision-making in critically endangered South African renosterveld
Topp, E. N. (2022) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9349 · Cited by 1
R-package Jsmm: Joint species movement modelling of mark-recapture dataPreprint
Rodríguez, L. F. S., & Ovaskainen, O. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707702 · Cited by 1
“Our ability to comprehend how animal populations respond behaviourally to environmental variations is crucial for conservation and monitoring programs, and for assessing possible economic risks related to biodiversity loss [Alagador and Cerdeira, 2022], [Elsner et al., 2025], [Schultz et al., 2019].”
Fluctuations of a Large Harris’ Checkerspot Chlosyne harrisii Population in 19 Years
Morse, D. H. (2025) · Journal of Insect Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10905-025-09875-0
“However, other detailed information about these potentially shifting populations has received less frequent documentation (Schultz et al. 2019), particularly with regard to aspects of demography and dispersal (Michielini et al. 2021).”
Population Structure of Morpho helenor peleides (Kollar, 1850) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Under Different Land Uses in the Caribbean Region of Colombia
Altamar-Bolívar, C. E., González‐Trujillo, J. D., Quijano‐Cuervo, L. G., Pallares, M. I. M., & Martínez-Hernández, N. J. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16121243
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Dorian, N. N., & Crone, E. E. (2026) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70437
Self-citation
Population monitoring for Oregon silverspot butterfly to support recovery efforts: a comparison of three methods
Bur, I., Henry, E. H., Buskirk, R. V., & Schultz, C. (2026) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-026-00823-7
Self-citation
Morphology, Physiology, Behavior, and Landscape Context Across the Diversity of Insect Dispersal Syndromes
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Assessing risk for butterflies in the context of climate change, demographic uncertainty, and heterogenous data sourcesPreprint
Forister, M. L., Grames, E. M., Halsch, C. A., Burls, K. J., Carroll, C. F., Bell, K. L., Jahner, J. P., Bradford, T. A., Zhang, J., Cong, Q., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.492972 · Cited by 2
Assessing risk for butterflies in the context of climate change, demographic uncertainty, and heterogeneous data sources
Forister, M. L., Grames, E. M., Halsch, C. A., Burls, K. J., Carroll, C. F., Bell, K. L., Jahner, J. P., Bradford, T. A., Zhang, J., Cong, Q., et al. (2023) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1584 · Cited by 18
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Authors: Schultz, C. B., Haddad, N. M., Henry, E. H., & Crone, E. E.
Affiliations: Washington State University Vancouver (US)
Michigan State University (US)
North Carolina State University (US)
Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author: Schultz, Cheryl B.
ORCID: Schultz, Cheryl B.
Haddad, Nick M.
Henry, Erica H.
Crone, Elizabeth E.
Venue: Annual Review of Entomology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2019-01-07
Volume: 64
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-184
ISSN: 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
1545-4487
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112204
OpenAlex: W2896090717
Cited by: 49
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 0.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (RC-2119)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Entomological Studies and Ecology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
Keywords: butterfly conservation, vital rates, demography, animal movement, population connectivity, habitat management, population viability, landscape change
MeSH terms: Animals, Butterflies, Conservation of Natural Resources, Population Dynamics, Endangered Species

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Movement and Demography of At-Risk Butterflies: Building Blocks for Conservation

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