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Elaborating the Individual Difference Component in Deterrence Theory
Abstract
Deterrence theory and criminal justice policy hold that punishment enhances compliance and deters future criminal activity. Empirical research, however, is decidedly mixed, with some studies finding that punishment weakens compliance, some finding that sanctions have no effect on compliance, and some finding that the effect of sanctions depends on moderating factors. In this review, we do not consider whether sanctions affect compliance but instead consider the conditions under which sanctions affect compliance. Specifically, we focus on understanding the kinds-of-people dimension of sanctions and deterrence to include individual differences (in social bonding, morality, discount rate, impulsivity, social network position, decision-making competence) and situational differences (in emotions, alcohol/drug use). Upon reviewing the empirical evidence, we identify important gaps for theoretical and empirical work and comment on how this work relates to public policy.
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“To investigate the effects of justice system contact on future behavior, it is necessary to account for preexisting individual differences that may cause some individuals to have a higher risk of coming into contact with the justice system in the first place (e.g., see Murray, Farrington, & Eisner, 2009; Nagin & Paternoster, 1993; Piquero, Paternoster, Pogarsky, & Loughran, 2011; Pogarsky, 2002).”
From Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins (2020) · cites this paper as Piquero, Paternoster, Pogarsky, & Loughran, 2011
In the citing paper
“First, we followed the call of previous research (see, e.g., Farrington, 2003; Murray et al., 2009; Piquero et al., 2011; Pogarsky, 2002) and employed one of the most rigorous nonexperimental methodological designs capable of accounting for a wide range of selection effects and confounding influences.”
From Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins (2020) · cites this paper as Piquero et al., 2011
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Cited by
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Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century
Nagin, D. S. (2013) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/670398 · Cited by 820
“See, for example, Zimring and Hawkins (1973) and more recently Piquero et al. (2011) and Wikström et al. (2012).”
BackgroundDeterrence: A Review of the Evidence by a Criminologist for Economists
Nagin, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-072412-131310 · Cited by 381
Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime: Implications for Criminal Deterrence
Apel, R. (2013) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-012-9170-1 · Cited by 308
Tyler, T. R., Goff, P. A., & MacCoun, R. J. (2015) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100615617791 · Cited by 280
SOCIAL CONCERN AND CRIME: MOVING BEYOND THE ASSUMPTION OF SIMPLE SELF‐INTEREST
Agnew, R. S. (2013) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12031 · Cited by 200
“…variable in strain, differential association, social learning, social control, situational action, and other theories (e.g., Akers, 1998; Cloward and Ohlin, 1960; Cohen, 1955; Elliott, Huizinga, and Ageton, 1985; Piquero et al., 2011; Simons and Burt, 2011; Thornberry, 1987; Wikstrom, 2010).”
Chalfin, A. J., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09490-6 · Cited by 173
White-Collar Crime: A Review of Recent Developments and Promising Directions for Future Research
Simpson, S. S. (2013) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145546 · Cited by 124
Offender Decision-Making in Criminology: Contributions from Behavioral Economics
Pogarsky, G., Roche, S. P., & Pickett, J. T. (2017) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092036 · Cited by 115
“For example, Mamayek et al. (2015) argued with supporting evidence that although the propensity to act impulsively and the capacity to regulate impulses are treated as elements of self-control under the general theory of implications for choice (see also Mamayek et al. 2016, Piquero et al. 2011).”
Self-citationToward A Bifurcated Theory of Emotional Deterrence
Pickett, J. T., Roche, S. P., & Pogarsky, G. (2018) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12153 · Cited by 94
“…Warr, 1987), 2) the role of emotions in criminal decision-making (van Gelder and de Vries, 2012, 2014; van Gelder et al., 2017), and 3) the relationship between generalized criminal propensity and situational offending (Cullen and Pratt, 2016; Piquero and Tibbetts, 1996; Piquero et al., 2011).”
Self-citationPost-Crackdown Effectiveness of Field-Based Forest Law Enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon
Börner, J., Kis‐Katos, K., Hargrave, J., & König, K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121544 · Cited by 119
“The deterrence literature does indeed repeatedly stress the role of subjective threat perception in determining the outcomes of criminal law enforcement [44].”
BackgroundThe Returns to Criminal Capital
Loughran, T. A., Nguyen, H., Piquero, A. R., & Fagan, J. A. (2013) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122413505588 · Cited by 85
“…of (objective) sanctions and crime is relatively weak (Nagin 1998), the association between perceived rewards and crime is consistently positive and strong, regardless of offense type or offender (see Cornish and Clarke 1986; Paternoster and Simpson 1993; Piliavin et al. 1986; Piquero et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDong, H., Zhong, S., Xu, S., Tian, J., & Feng, Z. (2021) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.09.014 · Cited by 87
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Hirtenlehner, H., & Hardie, B. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2015.1026764 · Cited by 76
“and therefore neglect the interaction of controls with other environmental or personal characteristics (Piquero et al. 2011; Wikström 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialRe-Examining the Functional Form of the Certainty Effect in Deterrence Theory
Loughran, T. A., Pogarsky, G., Piquero, A. R., & Paternoster, R. (2011) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.583931 · Cited by 79
Self-citationAnalytic Criminology: Mechanisms and Methods in the Explanation of Crime and its Causes
Wikström, P. H., & Kroneberg, C. (2021) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-091320 · Cited by 87
Self-Control, Thrill Seeking, and Crime
BURT, C. H., & Simons, R. L. (2013) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854813485575 · Cited by 80
Beyond the threat of legal sanctions: What deters speeding behaviours?
Truelove, V., Freeman, J., Szogi, E., Kaye, S.-A., Davey, J. D., & Armstrong, K. A. (2017) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.08.008 · Cited by 72
Thomas, K. J., Loughran, T. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2012) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/h0093990 · Cited by 71
Self-citationOn the Measurement and Identification of Turning Points in Criminology
Nguyen, H., & Loughran, T. A. (2018) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091949 · Cited by 69
Self-citationAn Examination of the Interaction Between Morality and Deterrence in Offending
Svensson, R. (2013) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128713486068 · Cited by 70
“Finally, these findings may also have important implications for the development of prevention strategies, and the question that policy makers should look at is not whether deterrence has an effect on offending, but for whom deterrence has an effect (Piquero et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGender Differences in Criminal Intent: Examining the Mediating Influence of Anticipated Shaming
Rebellon, C. J., Wiesen-Martin, D., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2014) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.903755 · Cited by 63
“On one hand, insofar as emotion and other individual differences are more important than rational calculation for explaining interpersonal differences in offending (Piquero et al. 2011; see Van Gelder et al. 2014), theories of rational choice overstate the cognitive nature of delinquency and crime, thereby promoting u…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMotz, R. T., Barnes, J. C., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Cullen, F. T., Houts, R., Wertz, J., & Moffitt, T. E. (2020) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12236 · Cited by 77
“First, we followed the call of previous research (see, e.g., Farrington, 2003; Murray et al., 2009; Piquero et al., 2011; Pogarsky, 2002) and employed one of the most rigorous nonexperimental methodological”
MethodHyperbolic Time Discounting, Offender Time Preferences and Deterrence
Loughran, T. A., Paternoster, R., & Weiss, D. B. (2012) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-011-9163-5 · Cited by 61
Self-citationFor Whom Do Sanctions Deter and Label?
Morris, R. G., & Piquero, A. R. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.633543 · Cited by 61
“Although there is some evidence that sanctions provide a deterrent effect, this effect is variable emerging in some but not all studies and varying according to sample composition and individual characteristics (Piquero et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFight or flight: Integral emotions and violent intentions
Barnum, T. C., & Solomon, S. J. (2019) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12222 · Cited by 61
“…tolerant; Wikström, 2006), or who have low levels of self-control (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), tend to focus on immediate outcomes, effectively increasing the salience of momentary incentives (Loewenstein, 1996; Piquero, Paternoster, Pogarsky, & Loughran, 2011; van Gelder & de Vries, 2012, 2014).”
Pickett, J. T., & Roche, S. P. (2016) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12217 · Cited by 60
“…and affect heuristics, as well as other mental shortcuts (e.g., the rep-resentativeness heuristic), have considerable relevance to deterrence theory, and to efforts to understand the sources of sanction perceptions (Pickett and Bushway, 2015; Piquero, Paternoster, Pogarsky, and Loughran, 2011).”
Szogi, E., Darvell, M., Freeman, J., Truelove, V., Palk, G. R. M., Davey, J. D., & Armstrong, K. A. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.08.006 · Cited by 53
“Other normative factors that have been illuminated in the wider criminological literature (Piquero et al., 2011) were also not included in the current study.”
BackgroundSanctions, Perceptions, and Crime
Apel, R. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-112932 · Cited by 59
Does Morality Condition the Deterrent Effect of Perceived Certainty Among Incarcerated Felons?
Piquero, A. R., Bouffard, J. A., Piquero, N. L., & Craig, J. M. (2013) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128713505484 · Cited by 52
“One of the more recent foci of deterrence research has centered on the conditions under which perceived sanction threats influence criminal decision making (Piquero et al., 2011; Pratt et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChalfin, A. J., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25798 · Cited by 53
Going Beyond Deterrence: A Middle-Range Theory of Motives and Controls for Insider Computer Abuse
Burns, A. J., Roberts, T., Posey, C., Lowry, P. B., & Fuller, B. (2022) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1133 · Cited by 57
Institutional Placement and Illegal Earnings: Examining the Crime School Hypothesis
Nguyen, H., Loughran, T. A., Paternoster, R., Fagan, J. A., & Piquero, A. (2016) · Journal of quantitative criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9291-z
Self-citationStructural predictors of choice: Testing a multilevel rational choice theory of crime
Thomas, K. J., Baumer, E., & Loughran, T. A. (2022) · Criminology (Beverly Hills) · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12314 · Cited by 44
“Additionally, there is evidence that individual variability in preferences is a function, in part, of differences in individual traits and personality characteristics (Piquero et al., 2011; Thomas & McGloin, 2013).”
Self-citationPolicing alienated minorities in divided cities
Mentovich, A., Ben‐Porat, G., Levy, N., Goff, P. A., & Tyler, T. R. (2018) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12232 · Cited by 45
Age, gender and deterrability: Are younger male drivers more likely to discount the future?
Freeman, J., Kaye, S.-A., Truelove, V., & Davey, J. D. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.022 · Cited by 48
Morality, Deterrability, and Offender Decision Making
Herman, S., & Pogarsky, G. (2020) · Justice quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1709884 · Cited by 41
“On one end of the spectrum, various individual characteristics can curtail an actor’s capacity or inclination for deliberative thought, and make them incorrigible (e.g. Piquero et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation“A Good Man Always Knows His Limitations”
Loughran, T. A., Paternoster, R., Piquero, A., & Fagan, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427812459649 · Cited by 49
Self-citationSanction risk perceptions, coherence, and deterrence *
Barnum, T. C., Nagin, D. S., & Pogarsky, G. (2021) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12266 · Cited by 45
“…& Paternoster, 1993; Piquero & Tibbetts, 1996), emotional experiences (Barnum & Solomon, 2019; van Gelder & de Vries, 2012), and a range of cognitive abilities (Paternoster & Pogarsky, 2009; Thomas et al., 2013) that influence criminal decision-making processes (see also Piquero et al., 2011).”
Self-citationSchulz, S. (2013) · Journal of quantitative criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-013-9201-6
Ward, J. T., Krohn, M. D., & Gibson, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513505219 · Cited by 42
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Jaeger, L., Eckhardt, A., & Kroenung, J. (2020) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103318 · Cited by 42
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A THEORY OF CRIME RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY*
Agnew, R. S. (2016) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12104 · Cited by 47
“As such, they should be more likely than others to engage in crime when they experience a given set of controls (see Hay and Meldrum [2016] and Piquero et al. [2011] for reviews of the research here). reactions are driven by emotion or learned habits.”
When sanctions convey moral norms
Mulder, L. B. (2016) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-016-9532-5 · Cited by 41
“Still, criminology literature has argued and found that compliance with laws depends more on punishment certainty rather than harshness (Jacobs and Piquero 2013; Piquero et al. 2011; Pratt et al. 2006).”
BackgroundPickett, J. T. (2018) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128718763136 · Cited by 43
Hirtenlehner, H., & Schulz, S. (2020) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016820949641 · Cited by 15
“Difficulties in establishing substantial unconditional deterrent effects of legal sanction threats, but also recent theoretical developments (Wikström, 2008, 2010) may be the reason why the idea of differential deterrability (Hirtenlehner, 2019; Loughran et al., 2018; Piquero et al., 2011) has become popular in recent…”
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Tankebe, J. (2019) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azz030 · Cited by 38
Ben‐Porat, G., & Yuval, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108265164 · Cited by 38
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“Consider the description offered by Piquero, Paternoster, Pogarsky, and Loughran (2011: 353) regarding this point: “For instance, consider an offender who reports a 50% chance of being caught for dealing drugs and a 70% chance of being caught for breaking into a home and stealing.”
Self-citationIllegal Roaming and File Manipulation on Target Computers
Testa, A. M., Maimon, D., Sobesto, B., & Cukier, M. (2017) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12312 · Cited by 37
“…it was possible that there was heterogeneity in the response to sanction threats and the deterrent effect of a warning banner may be consequential for a subgroup of the system trespasser population (Na, Loughran, and Paternoster, 2015; Piquero et al., 2011; Pogarsky, 2002; Thomas et al., 2013).”
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“Little is known about how we might distinguish the effects of punishments and sanction threats on people convicted for production or possession of online abuse and exploitation images (specific deterrence) and the effect on the public (general deterrence) (see Piquero et al., 2011).”
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“We also predicted that whether or not a punishment occurs will moderate these indirect effects, and will also directly influence observers’ tax compliance intentions, consistent with deterrence theory (Piquero et al., 2011; Pratt et al., 2006).”
Influential“Prison Will Either Make Ya or Break Ya”: Punishment, Deterrence, and the Criminal Lifestyle
Crank, B. R., & Brezina, T. (2013) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2013.781439 · Cited by 34
“Recent research has increasingly focused on the conditions under which these sanction effects operate with greater or lesser force (e.g., Loughran et al. 2011; Piquero et al. 2011).”
BackgroundTruelove, V., Freeman, J., & Davey, J. D. (2018) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2018.09.007 · Cited by 33
Lynch, J. M., Salamonson, Y., Glew, P., & Ramjan, L. M. (2021) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-021-00086-6 · Cited by 38
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“What can be gleaned from this and previous studies is that, in addition to individual characteristics, there are rational decision-making factors that are important in understanding the decision to engage in delinquency (Piquero et al., 2011; Piquero & Tibbetts, 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFreeman, J., Kaye, S.-A., Truelove, V., & Davey, J. D. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.08.020 · Cited by 30
Truelove, V., Freeman, J., Kaye, S.-A., Watson, B. C., Mills, L., & Davey, J. D. (2021) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106327 · Cited by 30
Exploring the Relationship between Subjectively Experienced Severity of Imprisonment and Recidivism
Raaijmakers, E. A. C., Loughran, T. A., Keijser, J. W. D., Nieuwbeerta, P., & Dirkzwager, A. (2016) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427816660588 · Cited by 28
“It is noteworthy though, that a parallel development has appeared in the percep- tual deterrence literature that is concerned with effects of sanction certainty (e.g., Piquero et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe war on cartels and the social meaning of deterrence
Parker, C. (2012) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2012.01165.x · Cited by 29
Stop and Go: Explaining the Timing of Intermittency in Criminal Careers
Ouellet, F. (2019) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128717753114 · Cited by 28
Jiang, H., Siponen, M. T., Jiang, Z. J., & Tsohou, A. (2023) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2020.0216 · Cited by 36
Truelove, V., Watson-Brown, N., Parker, E., Freeman, J., & Davey, J. D. (2021) · Traffic Injury Prevention · doi:10.1080/15389588.2021.1980213 · Cited by 27
“Specifically, consistent with deterrence theory, it may be suggested that drivers’ perceived certainty of being apprehended increased over this time (Piquero et al. 2011), resulting in the continued decrease of this behavior.”
Siponen, M. T., Soliman, W., & Vance, A. (2022) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3514097.3514101 · Cited by 26
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Stults, B. J., & You, M. (2021) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2021.1985928 · Cited by 25
“Finally, our study supports the call for a continuing shift in criminology toward a focus on questions of “when, under which conditions, and for which subsets of individuals” our theoretical expectations and empirical findings are relevant (Piquero et al. 2011:349).”
ResultStatus Gains versus Status Losses: Loss Aversion and Deviance
Thomas, K. J., & Nguyen, H. (2020) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2020.1856400 · Cited by 28
“…for the use of vignettes to test issues of how situational characteristics (like framing of social consequences) influence behavioral intentions (Piquero et al., 2011), as it gives researchers control over the characteristics of the scenario (Agnew, 1994; Steffensmeier & Ulmer, 2013; Thomas,…”
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Yao, J., Johnson, M. B., & Beck, K. H. (2013) · Traffic Injury Prevention · doi:10.1080/15389588.2013.808338 · Cited by 24
“Consequently, our study only focused on a limited number of legal aspects of general deterrence, whereas the real-world deterrence process is more complicated and involves nonlegal factors, such as personal and vicarious experiences (Nagin and Pogarsky 2001; Paternoster and Piquero 1995; Piquero and Paternoster 1998;…”
BackgroundDoes Perceived Peer Delinquency Amplify or Mitigate the Deterrent Effect of Perceived Sanction Risk?
Hirtenlehner, H. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1426264 · Cited by 24
“A promising approach to bridging the gap between peer influence and deterrence may be to draw on the idea of differential deterrability (Jacobs 2010; Piquero et al. 2011), which has been inspired by the inconsistent findings of perceptual deterrence research and the fact that at best modest…”
BackgroundHow people choose between criminal opportunities
Krajewski, A. T., Pickett, J. T., & Jacobs, B. A. (2025) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.70006 · Cited by 23
“We have two theoretical reasons to expect such person–situation interactions (Piquero et al., 2011).”
The Effect of Sanction Severity and Its Interaction With Procedural Justice
Yasrebi, F., Dirkzwager, A., van der Laan, P. H., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2021) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548211038358 · Cited by 26
“Partly due to these mixed results, the question of whether sanctions deter shifted toward the question “. . . under what conditions or for which kind of persons they [deter] . . .” (Piquero et al., 2011, p. 336).”
Nguyen, M. H., Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., Nguyen, N. A. N., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, Ó. (2024) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2024.107538 · Cited by 23
Exploring the sanction–crime relationship through a lens of procedural justice
Augustyn, M. B., & Ward, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.10.001 · Cited by 23
Brezina, T. (2019) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-019-00111-w · Cited by 23
Perceived Control, Severity, Certainty, and Emotional Fear: Testing an Expanded Model of Deterrence
Roche, S. P., Wilson, T., & Pickett, J. T. (2019) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427819888249 · Cited by 23
“Our model provides one explanation for overconfidence and its effects and may help to connect individual traits to risk preferences (Nagin and Paternoster 1993; Piquero et al. 2011; Thomas, Loughran, and Piquero 500 Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57(4) 2013).”
BackgroundJaynes, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427820918899 · Cited by 22
Song, M., Ugrin, J. C., Li, M., Wu, J., Guo, S., & Zhang, W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136751 · Cited by 22
“Previous studies have shown that when individuals are aware of the high visibility of misbehavior, sanctions imposed by the working group may weaken the spread of organizational misbehavior to individuals [24], employees reduce the occurrence of the behavior which is more likely to be detected, and the potential negat…”
BackgroundLove, S., Truelove, V., Rowland, B., Kannis‐Dymand, L., & Davey, J. D. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.09.002 · Cited by 22
Experience or deterrence? Revisiting an old but neglected issue
Hirtenlehner, H., & Wikström, P.-O. H. (2017) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370816671750 · Cited by 22
Pickett, J. T., Barnes, J. C., Wilson, T., & Roche, S. P. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1531142 · Cited by 26
“Notably, our findings for initial assets, which provide the first experimental evidence of this effect to our knowledge, are consistent with the argument that RCT can help explain why many forms of crime are most attractive to the disadvantaged (Zimring & Hawkins, 1973).”
InfluentialJones, E. P., Margolius, M., Rollock, M., Yan, C. T., Cole, M. L., & Zaff, J. F. (2018) · Cited by 22
Left on the side of the road? A review of deterrence-based theoretical developments in road safety
Freeman, J., Armstrong, K. A., Truelove, V., & Szogi, E. (2015) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 21
Managing Victim Confrontation: Auto Theft and Informal Sanction Threats
Jacobs, B. A., & Cherbonneau, M. G. (2014) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2014.891638 · Cited by 21
Procedural Justice and Cooperation
Tyler, T. R., Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_64 · Cited by 22
Truelove, V., Stefanidis, K. B., Mills, L., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, Ó. (2023) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106155 · Cited by 20
The Stigma of Addiction in the Workplace
ROCHE, A. M., Kostadinov, V., & Pidd, K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02580-9_10 · Cited by 20
Revisiting Deterrence: Legal Knowledge, Use Context and Arrest Perception for Cannabis
Erickson, P., van der Maas, M., & Hathaway, A. (2013) · Czech Sociological Review · doi:10.13060/00380288.2013.49.3.04 · Cited by 20
“Thus, while it is evident that laws designed to punish and deter are still a central concern in the study of formal social control, as well as public policy, there is now a much greater emphasis on social context, individual characteristics, and the ambiguity inherent in risk perceptions [Loughran et al. 2011; Piquero…”
BackgroundFor whom does deterrence affect behavior? Identifying key individual differences.
Fine, A., & van Rooij, B. (2017) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000246 · Cited by 20
“Indeed, empirical research is beginning to support these propositions, yet results are not consistent across all studies (see Piquero et al., 2011).”
ResultTruelove, V., Freeman, J., Mills, L., Kaye, S.-A., Watson, B. C., & Davey, J. D. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.006 · Cited by 19
Smith, D. R. (2015) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0731121414556844 · Cited by 19
Poirier, B., Blais, É., & Faubert, C. (2017) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.10.001 · Cited by 20
“Studies in differential deterrence identify contextual and individual characteristics that moderate the effect of sanctions (Andenaes, 1974; Geerken and Gove, 1975; Piquero et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPreventing Identity Theft: Perspectives on Technological Solutions from Industry Insiders
Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., Gies, S. V., Green, B., Bobnis, A., & Velasquez, E. (2021) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2020.1826023 · Cited by 19
Self-citationReflections on Choice and Agency in Context: a Reply
Piquero, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-021-00174-8 · Cited by 18
Self-citationHow to embed a conceptual or theoretical framework into a dissertation study design
Lynch, J. M., Ramjan, L. M., Glew, P. J., & Salamonson, Y. (2020) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr.2020.e1723 · Cited by 18
Boers, K. (2019) · Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform · doi:10.1515/mks-2019-0004 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Piquero, A. R., Paternoster, R., Pogarsky, G., & Loughran, T.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Law and Social Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2011-12-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 335-360
- ISSN
- 1550-3585 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-3631
- OpenAlex
- W2032247959
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Law and Social Science (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- deterrence theory, individual differences, punishment, sanctions, compliance, social bonding, morality, discount rate, impulsivity, social network position, decision-making capacity, emotions, alcohol and drug use, situational factors, criminal justice policy
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