Renal Function in Diabetic Disease Models: The Tubular System in the Pathophysiology of the Diabetic Kidney
Open accessAbstract
Diabetes mellitus affects the kidney in stages. At the onset of diabetes mellitus, in a subset of diabetic patients the kidneys grow large, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) becomes supranormal, which are risk factors for developing diabetic nephropathy later in life. This review outlines a pathophysiological concept that focuses on the tubular system to explain these changes. The concept includes the tubular hypothesis of glomerular filtration, which states that early tubular growth and sodium-glucose cotransport enhance proximal tubule reabsorption and make the GFR supranormal through the physiology of tubuloglomerular feedback. The diabetic milieu triggers early tubular cell proliferation, but the induction of TGF-β and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors causes a cell cycle arrest and a switch to tubular hypertrophy and a senescence-like phenotype. Although this growth phenotype explains unusual responses like the salt paradox of the early diabetic kidney, the activated molecular pathways may set the stage for tubulointerstitial injury and diabetic nephropathy.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
SGLT2 inhibitors suppress glomerular hyperfiltration, likely reflecting reduced intraglomerular pressure in response to reduced proximal tubule Na reabsorption.
“SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) suppress glomerular hyperfiltration, likely reflecting reduced intraglomerular pressure in response to reduced PT Na ϩ reabsorption (38,39).”
From Evaluation of renal and cardiovascular protection mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors: model-based analysis of clinical data (2018) · cites this paper as [38]
TGF provides a partial correction by increasing GFR, but if the pressure-natriuresis mechanism does not sufficiently adjust distal Na+ reabsorption, any remaining Na+ imbalance will cause additional fluid retention, increases in renal perfusion pressure, and increasing glomerular pressure and GFR until Na+ excretion again equals intake.
“TGF provides a partial correction by increasing GFR (although hyperfiltration will occur even in the absence of TGF) (38), but if the pressure-natriuresis mechanism does not sufficiently adjust distal Na ϩ reabsorption, any remaining Na ϩ imbalance will cause additional fluid retention, increases in renal perfusion pressure, and increasing glomerular pressure and GFR until Na ϩ excretion again equ”
From Evaluation of renal and cardiovascular protection mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors: model-based analysis of clinical data (2018) · cites this paper as [38]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications
Brownlee, M. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414813a · Cited by 9,107 · see citing works
Bantle (2008) · doi:10.2337/dc08-s061 · Cited by 1,795 · see citing works
Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
Navarro‐González, J. F., Fernández, C. M., de Fuentes, M. M., & García-Pérez, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.51 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Ziyadeh, F. N., Hoffman, B. B., Han, D. C., de la Cruz, M. D. C. I., Hong, S. W., Isono, M., Chen, S., McGowan, T., & Sharma, K. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.120055097 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
New Insights into Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney Fibrosis
Liu, Y. (2009) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2008121226 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Rahmoune, H., Thompson, P. W., Ward, J. M., Smith, C. D., Hong, G., & Brown, J. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3427 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
A Glimpse of Various Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Diabetic Nephropathy
Kanwar, Y. S., Sun, L., Xie, P., Liu, F.-Y., & Chen, S. (2011) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092150 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Gorboulev, V., Schürmann, A., Vallon, V., Kipp, H., Jaschke, A., Klessen, D., Friedrich, A., Scherneck, S., Rieg, T., Cunard, R., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1029 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Self-citationSGLT2 Mediates Glucose Reabsorption in the Early Proximal Tubule
Vallon, V., Platt, K. A., Cunard, R. A., Schroth, J., Whaley, J. M., Thomson, S. C., Koepsell, H., & Rieg, T. (2010) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2010030246 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Self-citationSugar Absorption in the Intestine: The Role of GLUT2
Kellett, G. L., Brot‐Laroche, E., Mace, O. J., & Leturque, A. (2008) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155518 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of diabetic renal hypertrophy
Wolf, G., & Ziyadeh, F. N. (1999) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00590.x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Chow, F. Y. F., Nikolic-Paterson, D., Ozols, E., Atkins, R., Rollin, B., & Tesch, G. (2006) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000014 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Sedeek, M., Callera, G., Montezano, A., Gutsol, A., Heitz, F., Szyndralewiez, C., Page, P., Kennedy, C. R. J., Burns, K. D., Touyz, R. M., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00028.2010 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
The proximal tubule in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney
Vallon, V. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00809.2010 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenesis of the Podocytopathy and Proteinuria in Diabetic Glomerulopathy
Ziyadeh, F. N., & Wolf, G. (2008) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339908783502370 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus
Vallon, V., Richter, K., Blantz, R. C., Thomson, S. C., & Oßwald, H. (1999) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v10122569 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationMagee, G., Bilous, R., Cardwell, C., Hunter, S., Kee, F., & Fogarty, D. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1268-0 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Thomas, M. C., Moran, J., Forsblom, C., Harjutsalo, V., Thorn, L., Ahola, A., Wadén, J., Tolonen, N., Saraheimo, M., Gordin, D., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1722 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Familial Renal Glucosuria and SGLT2
Santer, R., & Calado, J. (2009) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.04010609 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Thomson, S. C., Rieg, T., Miracle, C. M., Mansoury, H., Whaley, J. M., Vallon, V., & Singh, P. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00357.2011 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationBerthier, C. C., Zhang, H., Schin, M., Henger, A., Nelson, R. G., Yee, B., Boucherot, A., Neusser, M. A., Cohen, C. D., Carter‐Su, C., et al. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-1328 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes
Ekinci, E. I., Clarke, S., Thomas, M. C., Moran, J. L., Cheong, K., MacIsaac, R. J., & Jerums, G. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1723 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Accelerated senescence in the kidneys of patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Verzola, D., Gandolfo, M. T., Gaetani, G., Ferraris, A., Mangerini, R., Ferrario, F., Villaggio, B., Gianiorio, F., Tosetti, F., Weiss, U., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90302.2008 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species cause diabetes-induced decrease in renal oxygen tension
Palm, F., Cederberg, J., Hansell, P., Liss, P., & Carlsson, P. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1155-z · Cited by 291 · see citing works
A role for AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetes-induced renal hypertrophy
Lee, M.-J., Féliers, D., Mariappan, M. M., Sataranatarajan, K., Mahimainathan, L., Musi, N., Foretz, M., Viollet, B., Weinberg, J. M., Choudhury, G. G., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00278.2006 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of the Diabetic Kidney
Vallon, V., & Komers, R. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100049 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of the Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Renal Disease
Lieberthal, W., & Levine, J. S. (2009) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2008111186 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Oxidants in Chronic Kidney Disease
Shah, S. V., Baliga, R., Rajapurkar, M. M., & Fonseca, V. A. (2006) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2006050500 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Glucose transport by human renal Na + / d -glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2
Hummel, C. S., Lü, C., Loo, D. D. F., Hirayama, B. A., Voss, A. A., & Wright, E. M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00388.2010 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors as a New Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus
Nair, S., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0473 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Johansson, B., Borg, K., Fernqvist‐Forbes, E., Kernell, A., Odergren, T., & Wahren, J. (2000) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00274.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Noh, H., Oh, E. Y., Seo, J. Y., Yu, M. R., Kim, Y. O., Ha, H., & Lee, H. B. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00086.2009 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Kidney function in early diabetes: the tubular hypothesis of glomerular filtration
Thomson, S. C., Vallon, V., & Blantz, R. C. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00208.2003 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationThomson, S. C., Deng, A., Bao, D., Satriano, J. A., Blantz, R. C., & Vallon, V. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10963 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy
Marrero, M. B., Banes‐Berceli, A. K. L., Stern, D. M., & Eaton, D. C. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00181.2005 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The role of protein kinase C activation in diabetic nephropathy
Noh, H., & King, G. L. (2007) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002386 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Tubular changes in early diabetic nephropathy
Thomas, M. C., Burns, W. C., & Cooper, M. E. (2005) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2005.01.008 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Adaptation to hypoxia in the diabetic rat kidney
Rosenberger, C., Khamaisi, M., Abassi, Z. A., Shilo, V., Weksler‐Zangen, S., Goldfarb, M., Shina, A., Zibertrest, F., Eckardt, K., Rosen, S., et al. (2007) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002567 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Connective tissue growth factor in tubulointerstitial injury of diabetic nephropathy
Wang, S., DeNichilo, M. O., Brubaker, C. E., & Hirschberg, R. R. (2001) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00776.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Disease: the hypoxic tubular hypothesis of diabetic nephropathy
Singh, D. K., Winocour, P. H., & Farrington, K. (2008) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/ncpneph0757 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The clinical significance of hyperfiltration in diabetes
Jerums, G., Premaratne, E., Panagiotopoulos, S., & MacIsaac, R. J. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1794-9 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Freitas, H. S., Anhê, G. F., Melo, K., Okamoto, M. M., Oliveira‐Souza, M., Bordin, S. A., & Machado, U. F. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-1088 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Vestri, S., Okamoto, M. M., Freitas, H. S., Eichler, R. A. D. S., Nunes, M. T., Morimatsu, M., Heimann, J. C., & Machado, U. F. (2001) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/s00232-001-0036-y · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Guha, M., Xu, Z., Tung, D., et al. (2007) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-6713com · Cited by 187 · see citing works
KCNQ1-dependent transport in renal and gastrointestinal epithelia
Vallon, V., Grahammer, F., Völkl, H., Sandu, C. D., Richter, K., Rexhepaj, R., Gerlach, U., Rong, Q., Pfeifer, K. E., & Lang, F. J. W. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505860102 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationSuppressors of Cytokine Signaling Abrogate Diabetic Nephropathy
Ortiz-Muñoz, G., López-Parra, V., López‐Franco, Ó., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2009060625 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Wang, X., Shaw, S., Amiri, F., et al. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3505 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Catalase overexpression attenuates angiotensinogen expression and apoptosis in diabetic mice
Brezniceanu, Liu, F., Wei, (.-Z.-(.-Z., Tran, S., Sachetelli, S., Guo, D., Guo, D., Filep, J. G., Ingelfinger, J. R., & Chan, J. S. D. (2007) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002188 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Alpers, C. E., Hudkins, K. L., Floege, J., et al. (1994) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v52201 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Marks, J., Carvou, N., Debnam, E. S., Srai, S. K., & Unwin, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.046268 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Balen, D., Ljubojević, M., Breljak, D., Brzica, H., Z̆lender, V., Koepsell, H., & Sabolić, I. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00180.2008 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Glomerular Hyperfiltration and the Salt Paradox in Early Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Vallon, V., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. C. (2003) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000051700.07403.27 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationBrezniceanu, M.-L., Liu, F., Wei, C., Chénier, I., Godin, N., Zhang, S., Filep, J. G., Ingelfinger, J. R., & Chan, J. S. D. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0013 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Inflammatory signaling and cellular senescence
Ren, J., Pan, J., Lu, Y.-P., Sun, P., & Han, J. (2008) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Diabetic nephropathy: the central role of renal proximal tubular cells in tubulointerstitial injury.
Phillips, A. O., & Steadman, R. (2002) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-17.247 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Role of KCNE1-Dependent K+ Fluxes in Mouse Proximal Tubule
Vallon, V., Grahammer, F., Richter, K., Bleich, M., Lang, F. J. W., Barhanin, J., Völkl, H., & Warth, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v12102003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationAngiotensin II activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in mesangial cells is altered by high glucose
Amiri, F., Shaw, S., Wang, X., et al. (2002) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00311.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Katavetin, P., Miyata, T., Inagi, R., Tanaka, T., Sassa, R., Ingelfinger, J. R., Fujita, T., & Nangaku, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2005090918 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The role of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis of the diabetic kidney
Wagener, F. A. D. T. G., Dekker, D., Berden, J. H. M., Scharstuhl, A., & van der Vlag, J. (2009) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-009-0359-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Han, H. J., Lee, Y. J., Park, S. H., Lee, J., & Taub, M. L. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00327.2004 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in diabetic nephropathy
Rüster, C. (2007) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2734 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Al-Douahji, M., Brugarolas, J., Brown, P. A., Stehman‐Breen, C. O., Alpers, C. E., & Shankland, S. J. (1999) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00728.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
ERK and p38 mediate high-glucose-induced hypertrophy and TGF-β expression in renal tubular cells
Fujita, H., Omori, S., Ishikura, K., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00351.2002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Gilbert, R. E., Huang, Q., Thai, K., Advani, S. L., Lee, K., Yuen, D. A., Connelly, K. A., & Advani, A. (2011) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2011.39 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Effect of Puberty on Markers of Glomerular Hypertrophy and Hypertension in IDDM
Lawson, M. L., Sochett, E. B., Chait, P. G., Balfe, J. W., & Daneman, D. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.1.51 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Tubular sodium handling and tubuloglomerular feedback in experimental diabetes mellitus
Pollock, C. A., LAWRENCE, J. R., & Field, M. J. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.6.f946 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sun, L., Xiao, L., Nie, J., Liu, F.-Y., Ling, G.-H., Zhu, X.-J., Tang, W.-B., Chen, W.-C., Xia, Y.-C., Zhan, M., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00414.2010 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Molecular adaptations of GLUT1 and GLUT2 in renal proximal tubules of diabetic rats
Dominguez, J. H., Camp, K., Maianu, L., Feister, H. A., & Garvey, W. T. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1994.266.2.f283 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The role of tubular injury in diabetic nephropathy
Magri, C. J., & Fava, S. (2009) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2008.12.012 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Superoxide enhances Na-K-2Cl cotransporter activity in the thick ascending limb
Juncos, R., & Garvin, J. L. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00348.2004 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Vallon, V., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1995.269.6.f876 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of C-peptide on glomerular and renal size and renal function in diabetic rats
Samnegård, B., Jacobson, S. H., Jaremko, G., Johansson, B., & Sjöquist, M. (2001) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00964.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Lang, F. J. W., Görlach, A., & Vallon, V. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728220903260807 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced expressions of sodium–glucose cotransporters in the kidneys of diabetic Zucker rats
Tabatabai, N. M., Sharma, M., Blumenthal, S. S., & Petering, D. H. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.003 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
PKC-β1 Mediates Glucose-Induced Akt Activation and TGF-β1 Upregulation in Mesangial Cells
Wu, D., Peng, F.-F., Zhang, B., Ingram, A. J., Kelly, D. J., Gilbert, R. E., Gao, B., & Krepinsky, J. C. (2009) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2008040445 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Renal hemodynamics and segmental tubular reabsorption in early type 1 diabetes
Hannedouche, T. P., Delgado, A. G., Gnionsahe, D. A., Boîtard, C., Lacour, B., & Grünfeld, J. (1990) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1990.95 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Han, D. C., Hoffman, B. B., Hong, S. W., et al. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.f628 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Wolf, G., Schroeder, R., Ziyadeh, F. N., Thaiss, F., Zahner, G., & Stahl, R. A. K. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.3.f348 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Zerbini, G., Bonfanti, R., Meschi, F., Bognetti, E., Paesano, P. L., Gianolli, L., Querques, M., Maestroni, A., Calori, G., Maschio, A. D., et al. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0592 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Control of renal hemodynamics in hyperglycemia: possible role of tubuloglomerular feedback
Woods, L. L., Mizelle, H. L., & Hall, J. E. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.1.f65 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
PKC‐β and PKC‐ζ mediate opposing effects on proximal tubule Na+,K+‐ATPase activity
Efendiev, R., Bertorello, A. M., & Pedemonte, C. H. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00925-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Meier, M., Park, J.-K., Overheu, D., Kirsch, T., Lindschau, C., Gueler, F., Leitges, M., Menne, J., & Haller, H. G. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0891 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Embark, H. M., Böhmer, C., Vallon, V., Luft, F. C., & Lang, F. J. W. (2002) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-002-0982-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationTransition of kidney tubule cells to a senescent phenotype in early experimental diabetes
Satriano, J., Mansoury, H., Deng, A., Sharma, K., Vallon, V., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. C. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00096.2010 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationVallon, V., Schroth, J., Satriano, J. A., Blantz, R. C., Thomson, S. C., & Rieg, T. (2009) · Nephron Physiology · doi:10.1159/000208211 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationLack of A1 Adenosine Receptors Augments Diabetic Hyperfiltration and Glomerular Injury
Faulhaber‐Walter, R., Chen, L., Oppermann, M., Kim, S. M., Huang, Y. G., Hiramatsu, N., Mizel, D. E., Kajiyama, H., Zerfas, P. M., Briggs, J. P., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2007060721 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Bank, N., & Aynedjian, H. S. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114700 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Miyauchi, K., Takiyama, Y., Honjo, J., Tateno, M., & Haneda, M. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.018 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Renal hemodynamics and plasma and kidney angiotensin II in established diabetes mellitus in rats
Vallon, V., Wead, L. M., & Blantz, R. C. (1995) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v5101761 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Growth Factors in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Chiarelli, F., Gaspari, S., & Marcovecchio, M. L. (2009) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1220752 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Saad, S., Stevens, V. A., Wassef, L., Poronnik, P., Kelly, D. J., Gilbert, R. E., & Pollock, C. A. (2005) · Kidney International · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00492.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Merline, R., Lazaroski, S., Bábelová, A., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hirschberg, R. R., & Wang, S. (2004) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00041552-200501000-00008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Vervoort, G., Veldman, B. A. J., Berden, J. H. M., Smits, P., & Wetzels, J. F. M. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01497.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
An unexpected role for angiotensin II in the link between dietary salt and proximal reabsorption
Thomson, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci26092 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Tuberin/mTOR Pathway Promotes Apoptosis of Tubular Epithelial Cells in Diabetes
Velagapudi, C., Bhandari, B. S., Abboud‐Werner, S. L., Simone, S., Abboud, H. E., & Habib, S. L. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2010040352 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Vallon, V., Huang, D., Deng, A., Richter, K., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. C. (2002) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000016441.41118.57 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Sweet Pee Model for Sglt2 Mutation
Ly, J., Onay, T., Sison, K., Sivaskandarajah, G. A., Sabbisetti, V. S., Li, L., Bonventre, J. V., Flenniken, A. M., Paragas, N., Barasch, J. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2010080888 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Antioxidants attenuate high glucose-induced hypertrophic growth in renal tubular epithelial cells
Huang, J., Chuang, L., Guh, J., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00020.2007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Renal responses to sodium restriction in patients with early diabetes mellitus.
Miller, J. (1997) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v85749 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Huang, H.-C., & Preisig, P. A. (2000) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00151.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Immunolocalization of Protein Kinase C Isoenzymes α, βI and βII in Rat Kidney
Pfaff, I. L., Wagner, H., & Vallon, V. (1999) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v1091861 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationTGF-β1 Induces the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 mRNA and Protein in Murine B Cells
Kamesaki, H., Nishizawa, K., Michaud, G. Y., Cossman, J., & Kiyono, T. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.770 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
TGF-beta 1 induces the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 mRNA and protein in murine B cells.
Kamesaki, H., Nishizawa, K., Michaud, G. Y., Cossman, J., & Kiyono, T. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
High glucose increases growth and collagen synthesis in cultured human tubulointerstitial cells
Jones, S. C., Saunders, H. J., & Pollock, C. A. (1999) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00174.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sällström, J., Carlsson, P. ‐., Fredholm, B. B., Larsson, E., Persson, A. E. G., & Palm, F. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01705.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Large kidneys predict poor renal outcome in subjects with diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Rigalleau, V., Garcia, M., Lasseur, C., Laurent, F., Montaudon, M., Raffaitin, C., Barthe, N., Beauvieux, M.-C., Vendrely, B., Chauveau, P., et al. (2010) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/1471-2369-11-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nordquist, L., Brown, R. D., Fasching, A., Persson, P., & Palm, F. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00228.2009 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Tipping the redox balance of oxidative stress in fibrogenic pathways in chronic kidney disease
Okamura, D. M., & Himmelfarb, J. (2009) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1199-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pruijm, M., Wuerzner, G., Maillard, M., Bovet, P., Renaud, C., Bochud, M., & Burnier, M. (2010) · Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Human renal fibroblasts modulate proximal tubule cell growth and transport via the IGF-I axis
Johnson, D. W., Saunders, H. J., Brew, B. K., et al. (1997) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1997.479 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neria, F., Castilla, M. Á., Sanchez, R. F., González‐Pacheco, F. R., Deudero, J. J. P., Calabia, O., Tejedor, A., Manzarbeitia, F., Ortíz, A., & Caramelo, C. A. (2008) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2008.487 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sodium–glucose transport: role in diabetes mellitus and potential clinical implications
Vallon, V., & Sharma, K. (2010) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0b013e32833bec06 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the prognosis of IDDM patients with large kidneys
Baumgartl, H.-J., Sigl, G., Banholzer, P., Haslbeck, M., & Standl, E. (1998) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/13.3.630 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Osorio‐Alonso, H., Bautista, R., Rı́os, A., Franco, M., Santamaría, J., & Escalante, B. (2009) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.09.006 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Taneda, S., Honda, K., Tomidokoro, K., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00637.2009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Development of Renal Hypertrophy and Increased Renal Na,K-ATPase in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats*
Ku, D. D., SELLERS, B. M., & Meezan, E. (1986) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-119-2-672 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Effect of Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes on Renal Sodium and Water Transporters in Rats
Vidotti, D. B., Arnoni, C. P., Maquigussa, E., & Boim, M. A. (2007) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000109967 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hernández-Vargas, P., López‐Franco, Ó., Sanjuán, G., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2004050374 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of chronic salt loading on kidney function in early and established diabetes mellitus in rats
Vallon, V., Kirschenmann, D., Wead, L. M., Lortie, M. J., Satriano, J. A., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. C. (1997) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90061-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationHsieh, T., Chen, R., Zhang, S., Liu, F., Brezniceanu, M.-L., Whiteside, C. I., Fantus, I. G., Ingelfinger, J. R., Hamet, P., & Chan, J. S. D. (2006) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000206 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Borghese, M. F. A., Majowicz, M. P., Ortiz, M. C., Passalacqua, M. D. R., Speziale, N. B. S., & Vidal, N. A. (2009) · Nephron Physiology · doi:10.1159/000214214 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Resetting protects efficiency of tubuloglomerular feedback
Thomson, S. C., Vallon, V., & Blantz, R. C. (1998) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.06713.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSLC2A2 gene expression in kidney of diabetic rats is regulated by HNF-1α and HNF-3β
Freitas, H. S., Schaan, B. D., David-Silva, A., Silva, R. S., Okamoto, M. M., Alves-Wagner, A. B., Mori, R. C. T., & Machado, U. F. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effect of puberty on markers of glomerular hypertrophy and hypertension in IDDM
Lawson, M. L., Sochett, E. B., Chait, P. G., et al. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.1.51 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Increased Expression of Ornithine Decarboxylase in Distal Tubules of Early Diabetic Rat Kidneys
Deng, A., Munger, K. A., Valdivielso, J. M., Satriano, J. A., Lortie, M. J., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. C. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1235 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationQi, W., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Holian, J., Mreich, E., Gilbert, R. E., Kelly, D. J., & Pollock, C. A. (2007) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm365 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Intracellular sodium in proximal tubules of diabetic rats. Role of glucose
Kumar, A. M., Gupta, R. K., & Spitzer, A. (1988) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1988.69 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Increased Proximal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Mbanya, J. C., Thomas, T. H., Taylor, R., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Wilkinson, R. (1989) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1989.tb01238.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Goestemeyer, A., Marks, J., Srai, S. K., Debnam, E. S., & Unwin, R. J. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0778-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
SGK1-sensitive renal tubular glucose reabsorption in diabetes
Ackermann, T. F., Boini, K. M., Völkl, H., Bhandaru, M., Bareiss, P. M., Just, L., Vallon, V., Amann, K., Kuhl, D., Feng, Y., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90238.2008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationTGF-βbgr;1 stimulates the release of pre-formed bFGF from renal proximal tubular cells
Jones, S. G., Morrisey, K., Williams, J. D., et al. (1999) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00517.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hills, C. E., Willars, G. B., & Brunskill, N. J. (2010) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2009-0391 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pedersen, S. B., Flyvbjerg, A., & Richelsen, B. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.2.c453 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pathways of proteolysis affecting renal cell growth
Franch, H. A. (2002) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00041552-200207000-00012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chen, S., Hoffman, B. B., Lee, J. S., Kasama, Y., Jim, B., Kopp, J. B., & Ziyadeh, F. N. (2004) · Kidney International · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00492.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mechanism of VEGF expression by high glucose in proximal tubule epithelial cells
Féliers, D., & Kasinath, B. S. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Huang, J., Chuang, L., Guh, J., & Huang, Y.-J. (2009) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp134 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: Some functional aspects
Seyer‐Hansen, K. (1987) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s0891-6632(87)80018-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pfaff, I. L., & Vallon, V. (2002) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000066789 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanism of diuresis following acute modest hyperglycemia in the rat
Blantz, R. C., Tucker, B. J., Gushwa, L. C., et al. (1983) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1983.244.2.f185 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lau, C., Sudbury, I., Thomson, M., Howard, P. L., Magil, A. B., & Cupples, W. A. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90731.2008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The salt paradox and its possible implications in managing hypertensive diabetic patients
Vallon, V., Blantz, R. C., & Thomson, S. C. (2005) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-005-0089-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPrimary kidney growth and its consequences at the onset of diabetes mellitus
Satriano, J. A., & Vallon, V. (2006) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0326-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationOsmotic diuresis in a mathematical model of the rat proximal tubule
Weinstein, A. M. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.5.f874 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Decreased Degradation of Collagen and Fibronectin following Exposure of Proximal Cells to Glucose
Phillips, A. O., Morrisey, K., Steadman, R., & Williams, J. D. (1999) · Nephron Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000020624 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Converting Enzyme Inhibition and the Glomerular Hemodynamic Response to Glycine in Diabetic Rats
Slomowitz, L. A., Peterson, Ö. W., & Thomson, S. C. (1999) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v1071447 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationRenal sodium metabolism in relation to hypertension in diabetes.
Ditzel, J., Lervang, H. H., & Brøchner‐Mortensen, J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Miracle, C. M., Rieg, T., Mansoury, H., Vallon, V., & Thomson, S. C. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00491.2007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Salt Paradox of the Early Diabetic Kidney Is Independent of Renal Innervation
Birk, C., Richter, K., Huang, D., Piesch, C., Luippold, G., & Vallon, V. (2003) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000073941 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship between kidney volume, microalbuminuria and duration of diabetes mellitus.
Bognetti, E., Zoja, A., Meschi, F., L., P. P., & Chiumello, G. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Blank, M. E., Bode, F., Huland, E., et al. (1985) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0167-4889(85)90132-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
ERK and p38 mediate high-glucose-induced hypertrophy and TGF-βexpression in renal tubular cells
藤田尚代 (2007) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vallon, V., & Thomson, S. C. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4157-3 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Self-citationMudaliar, S., Alloju, S., & Henry, R. R. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0542 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Vallon, V., Gerasimova, M., Rose, M. A., Masuda, T., Satriano, J., Mayoux, E., Koepsell, H., Thomson, S. C., & Rieg, T. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00520.2013 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationThe tubular hypothesis of nephron filtration and diabetic kidney disease
Vallon, V., & Thomson, S. C. (2020) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-020-0256-y · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Self-citationProbing SGLT2 as a therapeutic target for diabetes: basic physiology and consequences
Gallo, L. A., Wright, E. M., & Vallon, V. (2015) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.1177/1479164114561992 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationVallon, V., Rose, M., Gerasimova, M., Satriano, J., Platt, K. A., Koepsell, H., Cunard, R., Sharma, K., Thomson, S. C., & Rieg, T. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00409.2012 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationHallow, K. M., Gebremichael, Y., Helmlinger, G., & Vallon, V. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00497.2016 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationOnishi, A., Fu, Y., Darshi, M., Crespo-Masip, M., Huang, W., Song, P., Patel, R., Kim, Y. C., Nespoux, J., Freeman, B., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00497.2018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationHallow, K. M., Greasley, P. J., Helmlinger, G., Chu, L., Heerspink, H. J., & Boulton, D. W. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00202.2018 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bamgboye, A. O., Oni, I. O., & Collier, A. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-020-03051-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hallow, K., & Gebremichael, Y. (2017) · CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/psp4.12177 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Balazki, P., Schaller, S., Eissing, T., & Lehr, T. (2018) · CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/psp4.12359 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vallon, V., & Thomson, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Physiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-03-17
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 351-375
- ISSN
- 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1585
- PMC
- PMC3807782
- OpenAlex
- W2112710337
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL094728)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM66232, R01GM066232)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK-56248, R01-DK28602, R01DK028602, P30DK079337, R01DK056248)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Acute Kidney Injury Research
- Keywords
- diabetic nephropathy, tubuloglomerular feedback, glomerular filtration rate, proximal tubular reabsorption, sodium-glucose cotransport, tubular cell proliferation, TGF-beta, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, cell cycle arrest, tubular hypertrophy, senescence, tubulointerstitial injury, diabetic kidney
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetic Nephropathies, Electrolytes, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Glucose, Humans, Hypertrophy, Kidney Glomerulus, Kidney Tubules, Kidney Tubules, Proximal, Sodium, Sodium Chloride, Disease Progression, Feedback, Physiological, Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative, Glucose Transporter Type 2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
