The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Neurocognitive Bases of Human Volition.
Open accessAbstract
Volition refers to a capacity for endogenous action, particularly goal-directed endogenous action, shared by humans and some other animals. It has long been controversial whether a specific set of cognitive processes for volition exist in the human brain, and much scientific thinking on the topic continues to revolve around traditional metaphysical debates about free will. At its origins, scientific psychology had a strong engagement with volition. This was followed by a period of disenchantment, or even outright hostility, during the second half of the twentieth century. In this review, I aim to reinvigorate the scientific approach to volition by, first, proposing a range of different features that constitute a new, neurocognitively realistic working definition of volition. I then focus on three core features of human volition: its generativity (the capacity to trigger actions), its subjectivity (the conscious experiences associated with initiating voluntary actions), and its teleology (the goal-directed quality of some voluntary actions). I conclude that volition is a neurocognitive process of enormous societal importance and susceptible to scientific investigation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the case of free will, the idea that the skull marks a meaningful divide behind which some sacrosanct conscious agent orchestrates behaviour is extremely difficult to maintain in the face of philosophical, theoretical, and empirical objections [64,76–78].”
From Ethical considerations for the use of brain–computer interfaces for cognitive enhancement (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Ambrose, A., Wittgenstein, L., & Anscombe, G. E. M. (1954) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.2307/2103745 · Cited by 12,289
Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041 · Cited by 8,527
The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory.
Attneave, F., B., M., & Hebb, D. O. (1950) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418888 · Cited by 5,146
Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind
Searle, J. R. (1983) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173452 · Cited by 4,575
From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure
Shallice, T. (1988) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526817 · Cited by 4,072
The Neural Basis of Decision Making
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 · Cited by 3,764
Boguslaw, R., & Skinner, B. F. (1972) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063899 · Cited by 3,533
Davidson, D. (1963) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2023177 · Cited by 3,267
LIBET, B., GLEASON, C. A., WRIGHT, E. W., & PEARL, D. K. (1983) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/106.3.623 · Cited by 2,498
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Ach NK, 1905, Über die Willenstätigkeit und das Denken
- Chalmers DJ, 1995, J. Conscious. Stud., 2, 200
- Diderot D, 1751, Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
- Duggal HS, 2002, Neurol. India, 50, 487
- Hume D, 1978, A Treatise of Human Nature,
- James W, 1890, J. Hist. Philos., 21, 270
- Law Comm, 2013, Criminal liability: insanity and automatism
- Lévi-Strauss C, 1961, Tristes tropiques
- Passingham RE, 1987, Ciba Found. Symp., 132, 151
- Popper K, 1962, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume I: The Spell of Plato
- Voss M, 2017, Brain, 152, 33
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–126 of 126
Towards a genuinely interdisciplinary ‘science of the mind’Preprint
Buccella, A., Maoz, U., & Mudrik, L. (2024) · doi:10.22541/au.171276601.18250155/v1
Haan, D. D. D. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15060662
The Concept of Emotional Disorder
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.001.0001
Setting out the Basic Evaluative Dimensions (BED) Framework
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0002
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0001
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0007
The Medicalization of Emotions (I)
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0003
The Medicalization of Emotions (II)
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0004
Emotion and the Concepts of Health and Disorder
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0006
Emotions and Human Flourishing
Ayob, G. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198909620.003.0005
Willentliche Handlungssteuerung und kognitive Kontrolle
Goschke, T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68476-4_9
Voluntary and involuntary motor behaviours in the varieties of religious experience
Ganos, C., Ferguson, M. A., Gray, K. J., Lees, A. J., Bhatia, K. P., & Haggard, P. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae471
Self-citationA physiological pragmatic view of the philosophical debate on freedom to choose1
Marom, S. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp288238
Decision-Making by the Defense Party in Ukrainian Criminal Justice: Balancing Needs and Capabilities
Kovalenko, A. V., Sainchyn, S. O., Вітюк, Д. Л., Luhina, N. A., & Hrytsiuk, I. V. (2025) · Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review · doi:10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n03.pe05058
Distributed Activity in the Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Self-Initiated ActionPreprint
Claron, J., Blons, M., Dizeux, A., Deffieux, T., Tanter, M., Berthon, B., & Pouget, P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646546
Wen, W., Aktaş, H., Chang, A. Y.-C., Mei, J., Suzuishi, Y., Nagai, Y., & Nobusako, S. (2025) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-025-10475-5
Hu, J., Li, R., & Yu, T. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.70021
A multi-measurement study of the relation between deliberation and volition
Pech, G. P., Caspar, É. A., Pacherie, É., Axel Cleeremans, B., & Maoz, U. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf023
Pardon et douleur chronique : évidence clinique
Bauer, C., Isner-Horobeti, M.-È., & Krasny‐Pacini, A. (2025) · Douleurs Évaluation - Diagnostic - Traitement · doi:10.1016/j.douler.2025.09.001
Impact of PV interneuron - OPC synapse disruption on cognitive functioning
Vidal, M. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/66c1e527zbd3ez49f6z8736ze9817c27856d
Timing of the intention to act reflects action feedback expectancy
Evangelou, G., & Moore, J. W. (2026) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106570
Indeterminism and the physics of open neural dynamics
Tewarie, P. K. B., Gisin, N., Kotsou, I., & Laureys, S. (2026) · Trends Open · doi:10.1016/j.treopn.2026.03.002
The Assessment and Management of Apathy in Neurocognitive Disorders
Pérez-Palmer, N., Camacho, D. F., Forrest, L., & Conroy, M. (2026) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2026.05.005
Action fluency and conscious intention: being aware of what we are about to do
Huang, Z., Seghezzi, S., & Haggard, P. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag108
Self-citationNo evidence for modulation of the readiness potential by respiratory phase during natural breathing
Jeay-Bizot, L., Chishti, R., Maoz, U., & Schurger, A. (2026) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003982 · Cited by 2
Artificial Intelligence and Academic Integrity
Halupa, C. M. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9089-5.ch003
Metadata
- Authors
- Haggard, P.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Haggard, Patrick
- ORCID
- Haggard, Patrick
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2019-01-04
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-28
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2888599222
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust (RPG‐2016‐378)
- Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (323943)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- volition, free will, goal-directed action, voluntary action, subjective experience, generativity, teleology, history of psychology
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Goals, Humans, Neuropsychology, Volition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review