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Self-Compassion: Theory, Method, Research, and Intervention
Open accessAbstract
Self-compassion refers to being supportive toward oneself when experiencing suffering or pain-be it caused by personal mistakes and inadequacies or external life challenges. This review presents my theoretical model of self-compassion as comprised of six different elements: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification. It discusses the methodology of self-compassion research and reviews the increasingly large number of empirical studies that indicate self-compassion is a productive way of approaching distressing thoughts and emotions that engenders mental and physical well-being. It also reviews research that dispels common myths about self-compassion (e.g., that it is weak, selfish, self-indulgent or undermines motivation). Interventions designed to increase self-compassion, such as compassion-focused therapy and mindful self-compassion, are discussed. Finally, the review considers problematic issues in the field, such as the differential effects fallacy, and considers limitations and future research directions in the field of self-compassion research.
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“Self-compassion is associated with positive mental health, resilience, and decreased self-criticism and shame (Clarke and Hartley, 2024; Neff, 2023).”
From Exploring relationships between self-compassion, impostor phenomenon, and mental health among doctoral students (2025) · cites this paper as Neff, 2023
In the citing paper
“However, through normalizing struggle, self-compassionate doctoral students may be more likely to seek support and foster a sense of connectedness with peers and faculty (Neff, 2023; Posselt, 2018).”
From Exploring relationships between self-compassion, impostor phenomenon, and mental health among doctoral students (2025) · cites this paper as Neff, 2023
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“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Neff, K. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Neff, Kristin D.
- ORCID
- Neff, Kristin D.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2023-01-18
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 193-218
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W4290932423
- Cited by
- 931
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 266 · 2025: 321 · 2024: 221 · 2023: 115
- FWCI
- 27.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- self-compassion, self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, self-judgment, isolation, over-identification, compassion-focused therapy, mindful self-compassion, self-compassion interventions, well-being
- MeSH terms
- Self-Compassion, Emotions, Empathy, Humans, Judgment, Mindfulness
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