Cited by 1,985Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyBayesian Modeling and Causal Inference

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Mediation Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide

VanderWeele, Tyler J.·2016·Annual Review of Public Health

DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article provides an overview of recent developments in mediation analysis, that is, analyses used to assess the relative magnitude of different pathways and mechanisms by which an exposure may affect an outcome. Traditional approaches to mediation in the biomedical and social sciences are described. Attention is given to the confounding assumptions required for a causal interpretation of direct and indirect effect estimates. Methods from the causal inference literature to conduct mediation in the presence of exposure-mediator interactions, binary outcomes, binary mediators, and case-control study designs are presented. Sensitivity analysis techniques for unmeasured confounding and measurement error are introduced. Discussion is given to extensions to time-to-event outcomes and multiple mediators. Further flexible modeling strategies arising from the precise counterfactual definitions of direct and indirect effects are also described. The focus throughout is on methodology that is easily implementable in practice across a broad range of potential applications.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402

Cites

58 of 58 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618
mediation : R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis
Tingley, D. H., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L. J., & Imai, K. (2014) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i05 · Cited by 4,216
A general approach to causal mediation analysis.
Imai, K., Keele, L., & Tingley, D. (2010) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0020761 · Cited by 4,143
Process Analysis: Estimating Mediation in Treatment Evaluations
Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x8100500502 · Cited by 2,442
Mediation analysis allowing for exposure–mediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros.
Valeri, L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2013) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0031034 · Cited by 2,132
Self-citation
Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects
Robins, J. M., & Greenland, S. (1992) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199203000-00013 · Cited by 1,793
A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures
MacKinnon, D. P., Warsi, G. M., & Dwyer, J. H. (1995) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3001_3 · Cited by 1,715
Explanation in Causal Inference: Methods for Mediation and Interaction
VanderWeele, T. J. (2015) · Cited by 1,540
Self-citation

Show all 58 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Hong G, 2012, J. Res. Educ. Eff. (Spec. Issue: Stat. Approaches Stud. Mediat. Eff. Educ. Res., 5, 261
10.1097/EDE.0000000000000204 · DOI
Pearl J, 2001, Proc. Conf. Uncertain. Artif. Intel., 17th, Seattle, 411
10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821c680c · DOI
VanderWeele TJ, 2014, Epidemiol. Methods, 3, 33
VanderWeele TJ, 2013, Epidemiol. Methods, 2, 95

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,001

Epstein–Barr Virus, Lower Vitamin D, Low Sun Exposure, and HLA ‐ DRB1 *1501 Risk Variant Share Common Epigenetic Pathways Leading to Multiple Sclerosis Onset
Simpson, S., Morwitch, E., Tanner, S., Thomson, S. M., Eisner, A., Lea, R. A., Kilpatrick, T. J., Lechner‐Scott, J., Scott, R. J., Xavier, A., et al. (2025) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78043 · Cited by 10
Financial Incentives Promote Smoking Cessation Directly, Not by Increasing Use of Cessation Aids
Harhay, M. O., Troxel, A. B., Brophy, C., Saulsgiver, K. A., Volpp, K. G. M., & Halpern, S. D. (2018) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201808-574rl · Cited by 11
Is the effect of Mediterranean diet on hip fracture mediated through type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index?
Mitchell, A. J., Fall, T., Melhus, H., Wolk, A., Michaëlsson, K., & Byberg, L. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa239 · Cited by 12
Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids Related to Visceral Adipose Tissue Impact Metabolic Health Risk Markers
Orozco‐Ruiz, X., Anesi, A., Mattivi, F., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac160 · Cited by 10
Mechanisms for the Sex-Specific Effect of H. Pylori on Risk of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett's Esophagus
Wang, S. E., Dashti, S. G., Hodge, A. M., Dixon‐Suen, S. C., Castaño‐Rodríguez, N., Thomas, R. J. S., Giles, G. G., Milne, R. L., Boussioutas, A., Kendall, B. J., et al. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0234 · Cited by 10
A Review of High-Dimensional Mediation Analyses in DNA Methylation Studies
Zhang, H., Hou, L., & Liu, L. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1994-0_10 · Cited by 9
Association between the fatty liver index and chronic kidney disease: the population-based KORA study
Cai, X., Thorand, B., Hohenester, S. D., Köenig, W., Rathmann, W., Peters, A., & Nano, J. (2022) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfac266 · Cited by 10
A review of statistical strategies to integrate biomarkers of chemical exposure with biomarkers of effect applied in omic-scale environmental epidemiology
Babin, É., Cano-Sancho, G., Vigneau, É., & Antignac, J. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121741 · Cited by 12
Association of Population Well-Being With Cardiovascular Outcomes
Spatz, E. S., Roy, B., Riley, C. L., Witters, D., & Herrin, J. S. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21740 · Cited by 10
Sequential mediation of early temperament and eating behaviors in the pathways from feeding practices to childhood overweight and obesity
Zhang, X., Zhou, Q., Vivor, N. K., Liu, W., Cao, J., & Wang, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1122645 · Cited by 10
A methodological study of exposome based on an open database: Association analysis between exposure to metal mixtures and hyperuricemia
Chen, H., Wang, M., Zhang, C., & Li, J. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140318 · Cited by 10
Role of leisure sedentary behavior on type 2 diabetes and glycemic homeostasis: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Jia, H., Liu, Y., & Liu, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1221228 · Cited by 14
Mediators of the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review
Grubic, N., Hill, B., Allan, K. S., Maximova, K., Banack, H. R., Rios, M. D., & Johri, A. M. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.01.002 · Cited by 12
Targeted sequencing of chromosome 15q25 identified novel variants associated with risk of lung cancer and smoking behavior in Chinese
Cheng, Y., Wang, C., Zhu, M., Dai, J., Wang, Y., Geng, L., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Ma, H., Jin, G., et al. (2017) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgx025 · Cited by 10
Body composition and physical activity as mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic status and blood pressure in young South African women: a structural equation model analysis
Munthali, R. J., Manyema, M., Mohamed, R. S., Kagura, J., Tollman, S. M., Kahn, K., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Micklesfield, L. K., Dunger, D. B., & Norris, S. A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023404 · Cited by 10
Adverse effects of perinatal illness severity on neurodevelopment are partially mediated by early brain abnormalities in infants born very preterm
Logan, J. W., Tan, J. C., Skalak, M., Fathi, O., He, L., Kline, J. E., Klebanoff, M. A., & Parikh, N. A. (2020) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-020-00854-1 · Cited by 10
Effects of socioeconomic status on cancer patient survival: counterfactual event-based mediation analysis
Lin, S., & Anisa, K. N. (2020) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-020-01361-6 · Cited by 10
Causal mediation in developmental science: A primer
Cuartas, J. A., & McCoy, D. C. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025420981640 · Cited by 10
Explaining better hearing in Norway: a comparison of two cohorts 20 years apart - the HUNT study
Engdahl, B., Stigum, H., & Aarhus, L. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10301-1 · Cited by 10
Genetic scores for adult subcortical volumes associate with subcortical volumes during infancy and childhood
Lamballais, S., Jansen, P. R., Labrecque, J. A., Ikram, M. A., & White, T. J. H. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25292 · Cited by 9
Mediating Effects of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors on the Association Between Maternal Race–Ethnicity and Cesarean Delivery Among Low-Risk Women
Hedderson, M. M., Xu, F., Liu, E. F., Sridhar, S. B., Quesenberry, C. P., & FLANAGAN, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2019.8171 · Cited by 10
Social inequalities in protective behaviour uptake at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a national survey
Blair, A., Parnia, A., Shahidi, F., & Siddiqi, A. (2021) · Canadian journal of public health · doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00553-0 · Cited by 11
Assessing proximate intermediates between ambient temperature, hospital admissions, and mortality in hemodialysis patients
Remigio, R. V., Turpin, R., Raimann, J. G., Kotanko, P., Maddux, F. W., Sapkota, A. R., Liang, X., Puett, R. C., He, X., & Sapkota, A. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112127 · Cited by 10
Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Fetal Growth
Yang, M., Huang, R., Liu, X., Xu, Y., Wang, W., He, H., Zhang, G., Zheng, T., Fang, F., Fan, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.805722 · Cited by 10
School performance in Danish children exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes in utero: A nationwide retrospective cohort study
Spangmose, A. L., Skipper, N., Knorr, S., Gundersen, T. W., Jensen, R. B., Damm, P., Mortensen, E. L., Pinborg, A. B., Svensson, J., & Clausen, T. D. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003977 · Cited by 10
Associations of parental birth characteristics with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in their offspring: a population-based multigenerational cohort study in Denmark
Xiao, J., Gao, Y., Yu, Y., Toft, G. V., Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Xia, Y., Chawarska, K., Olsen, J., Li, J., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa246 · Cited by 12
Natural selection acts on epigenetic marksPreprint
Boukas, L., Razi, A., Bjornsson, H. T., & Hansen, K. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187880 · Cited by 9
Plasma Proteomic Determinants of Common Causes of MortalityPreprint
Sethi, A., Raj, A., Wright, K., & Melamud, E. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2626017/v1 · Cited by 8
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals with Excess Weight: Weight Trajectory Effects
Owora, A. H., Allison, D. B., Zhang, X., Gletsu-Miller, N. A., & Gadde, K. M. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-022-01486-9 · Cited by 10
Socioeconomic Position and Type 2 Diabetes: The Mediating Role of Psychosocial Work Environment- the Maastricht Study
Sezer, B., Koster, A., Albers, J. D., Meisters, R., Schram, M. T., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., de Rijk, A. E., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Bosma, H. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1606036 · Cited by 10
The mental health impact of school bullying among young carers in Australia: a causal mediation analysis
Alfonzo, L. F., Singh, A., Disney, G., & King, T. L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43464-5 · Cited by 11
Focusing on neural mechanisms of exercise training benefits in multiple sclerosis
Sandroff, B. M., Motl, R. W., & Salter, A. R. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105633 · Cited by 9
Identification of potential mediators of the relationship between body mass index and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Bouras, E., Gill, D., Zuber, V., Murphy, N., Dimou, N. L., Aleksandrova, K., Lewis, S. J., Martin, R. M., Yarmolinsky, J., Albanes, D., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyae067 · Cited by 11
Atherogenic index of plasma: a new indicator for assessing the short-term mortality of patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Yu, M., Yang, H., Kuang, M., Qiu, J., Yu, C., Xie, G., Sheng, G., & Zou, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1393644 · Cited by 9
Climate Change and Human Mobility: Considering Context, Mechanisms, and Selectivity
Garip, F., & Reed, C. A. (2025) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12716 · Cited by 15
Assessing job satisfaction in the era of digital transformation: a comparative study of the first wave of tasks digitalization in Japan and France
Lechevalier, S., & Mofakhami, M. (2025) · Eurasian economic review : · doi:10.1007/s40821-024-00282-7 · Cited by 10
Job Stress, Psychological Distress, and Menstruation‐Related Symptoms in Female Workers: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Sasaki, N., Watanabe, K., Egawa, M., Ito, Y., Kanamori, Y., Tsuji, R., Iida, M., & Nishi, D. (2025) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.18153 · Cited by 10
Data-driven approach to understand associations between dietary patterns, sleep problems, and mental health in adolescents
Zhao, Y., Han, X., Ewing, S. W. F., St‐Onge, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.05.001 · Cited by 9
Vascular Aging, Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk
Shi, J., Ye, X., Yu, S., Zhao, Y., Xiong, J., Ji, H., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102242 · Cited by 9
Mediation analysis in a case‐control study when the mediator is a censored variable
Wang, J., Ning, J., & Shete, S. S. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8028 · Cited by 9
Dispositional connectedness and depressive symptoms among help-seeking outpatients: the mediating role of self-concealment
Kealy, D., & Rice, S. (2020) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2020.07.002 · Cited by 10
Association and mediation analyses among multiple metals exposure, plasma folate, and community-based impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate in central Taiwan
Chung, M., Hsu, H., Mao, Y., Wu, C.-C., Ho, C.-T., Liu, C.-S., & Chung, C. (2022) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00855-x · Cited by 9
Genome-wide causal mediation analysis identifies genetic loci associated with uterine fibroids mediated by age at menarche
Tai, A., Lin, R., Lin, Y.-C., Wang, C., Lin, S., & Imoto, S. (2022) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deac136 · Cited by 10
The effects of social media on domestic terrorism
Hunter, L. Y., Biglaiser, G., McGauvran, R. J., & Collins, L. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2022.2160001 · Cited by 11
Depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between sustained food insecurity and cognition: a causal mediation analysis
Lu, P., Kezios, K., Yaffe, K. S., Kim, S., Zhang, A., Milazzo, F., & Hazzouri, A. Z. A. (2023) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.02.009 · Cited by 12
Digital branding adoption by specialty eatery start-ups in the post-pandemic environment in India
Sharma, A., Sharma, B. K., Rajput, S., Mehra, A., & Gulati, U. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2196043 · Cited by 9
Association Between Glucosamine Use and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure
Zheng, J., Hukportie, D. N., Zhang, Y., Huang, J., Ni, C., Lip, G. Y. H., & Tang, S. (2023) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.04.019 · Cited by 9
The pathways from disadvantaged socioeconomic status in childhood to edentulism in mid-to-late adulthood over the life-course
Zhang, X., Dai, S., Jiang, X. X., Huang, W., Zhou, Q., & Wang, S. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01865-y · Cited by 9
Reduced number of teeth with and without dental prostheses and low frequency of laughter in older adults: Mediation by poor oral function
Tamada, Y., Takeuchi, K., Kusama, T., Saito, M., Ohira, T., Shirai, K., Yamaguchi, C., Kondo, K., Aida, J., & Osaka, K. (2023) · Journal of Prosthodontic Research · doi:10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00071 · Cited by 9
Assessing causality between osteoarthritis and gastrointestinal disorders: a Mendelian randomization study
Xu, H., Wei, J., Chen, D., Li, Y., & Shen, Q. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46767-9 · Cited by 10
Statistical and Scientific Considerations Concerning the Interpretation, Replicability, and Transportability of Research Findings
Cook, R. J., & Lawless, J. F. (2023) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.2023-0499 · Cited by 9
Genetics of mood instability and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
Chen, M., Wang, Z., Xu, H., Li, W., Teng, P., & Ma, L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.052 · Cited by 10
Predictors, moderators and mediators of psychological therapies for perinatal depression in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Elias, A. L., Seward, N., & Lund, C. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.3 · Cited by 11
The combination of high uric acid and high C-reactive protein increased the risk of cardiovascular disease: A 15-year prospective cohort study
Li, N., Wu, S., Shu, R., Song, H., Wang, J., Chen, S., Yang, W., Wang, G., Yang, J., Yang, X., et al. (2024) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2024.01.027 · Cited by 9
Large-scale greenway exposure reduces sedentary behavior: A natural experiment in China
Li, Z., Lü, Y., Xie, B., & Wu, Y. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103283 · Cited by 10
The Contributing Risk of Tobacco Use for ARDS Development in Burn-Injured Adults With Inhalation Injury
Afshar, M., Netzer, G., Mosier, M. M., Cooper, R., Adams, W., Burnham, E. L., Kovacs, E. J., Durazo-Arvizú, R., & Kliethermes‌, S. (2017) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.05560 · Cited by 9
Longitudinal mediation analysis of time-to-event endpoints in the presence of competing risks
Vo, T., Davies‐Kershaw, H., Hackett, R. A., & Vansteelandt, S. (2022) · Lifetime Data Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10985-022-09555-7 · Cited by 9
Effects of Assisted Housing on Children’s Healthy Development
Newman, S. J., & Holupka, C. S. (2021) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2021.1931927 · Cited by 9
Tobacco control policies and smoking cessation treatment utilization: A moderated mediation analysis
Thrul, J., Riehm, K. E., Cohen, J. E., Alexander, G. C., Vernick, J. S., & Mojtabai, R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241512 · Cited by 9
Simultaneous test and estimation of total genetic effect in eQTL integrative analysis through mixed models
Wang, T., Qiao, J., Zhang, S., Wei, Y., & Zeng, P. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac038 · Cited by 9
Health care access and contraceptive use among adult women in the United States in 2017
Johnson, E. R. (2022) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2022.02.008 · Cited by 9
A Causal Mediation Model for Longitudinal Mediators and Survival Outcomes with an Application to Animal Behavior
Zeng, S., Lange, E. C., Archie, E. A., Campos, F. A., Alberts, S. C., & Li, F. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural Biological and Environmental Statistics · doi:10.1007/s13253-022-00490-6 · Cited by 9
Prenatal exposure to multiple metallic and metalloid trace elements and the risk of bacterial sepsis in extremely low gestational age newborns: A prospective cohort study
Bulka, C. M., Eaves, L. A., Gardner, A. J., Parsons, P. J., Galusha, A. L., Roell, K. R., Smeester, L., O’Shea, T. M., & Fry, R. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Epidemiology · doi:10.3389/fepid.2022.958389 · Cited by 9
Path Analysis Models Integrating Psychological, Psycho-physical and Clinical Variables in Individuals With Tension-Type Headache
Liew, B. X. W., Palacios‐Ceña, M., Scutari, M., Fuensalida‐Novo, S., Peral, Á. L. G., Ordás, C., Pareja, J. A., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.10.003 · Cited by 10
The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Physical Function in the Association between Body Mass Index and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Population-Based Study with Older Adults
Nascimento, M. D. M., Gouveia, É. R., de Gouveia, B. R. F. O., Marques, A., Campos, P., Mayor, J. G., Przednówek, K., & Ihle, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113718 · Cited by 9
Social Mediators of the Association Between Depression and Falls Among Older Adults
Lohman, M. C., Fallahi, A., Bawa, E. M., Wei, J., & Merchant, A. T. (2023) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643231152276 · Cited by 9
Preferences of Young Polish Renters: Findings from the Mediation Analysis
Sobieraj, J., Bryx, M., & Metelski, D. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13040920 · Cited by 9
Assessing the mediating role of iron status on associations between an industry-relevant metal mixture and verbal learning and memory in Italian adolescents
Schildroth, S., Valeri, L., Kordas, K., Shi, B., Friedman, A., Smith, D. R., Placidi, D., Wright, R. O., Lucchini, R. G., White, R. F., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167435 · Cited by 9
Neo‐Marxian social class inequalities in oral health among the South Korean population
Novrinda, H., Han, D., Jung‐Choi, K., & Ryu, J. (2018) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12439 · Cited by 9
Tumor size and postoperative kidney function following radical nephrectomy
Ellis, R. J., WHITE, V. M., Bolton, D. M., Coory, M. D., Davis, I. D., Francis, R. S., Giles, G. G., Gobe, G. C., Neale, R. Ε., Wood, S., et al. (2019) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s197968 · Cited by 9
Inequalities in elevated depressive symptoms in middle‐aged and older adults by rural childhood residence: The important role of education
Murchland, A. R., Eng, C. W., Casey, J. A., Torres, J. M., & Mayeda, E. R. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5176 · Cited by 9
Commentary: Mediation and Moderation: An Historical Progress Report
Holmbeck, G. N. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsz034 · Cited by 9
Efficient estimation of indirect effects in case‐control studies using a unified likelihood framework
Satten, G. A., Curtis, S. W., Solís‐Lemus, C., Leslie, E. J., & Epstein, M. P. (2022) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9390 · Cited by 9
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Type 2 Diabetes: Mediation Through Status Anxiety?
Crielaard, L., Motazedi, E., Galenkamp, H., van de Werfhorst, H. G., Rod, N. H., Kuipers, M. A. G., Nicolaou, M., & Stronks, K. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1606069 · Cited by 8
The causal relationship between genetically predicted blood metabolites and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Pan, T., Bai, L., Zhu, D., Wei, Y., Zhao, Q., Feng, F., Wang, Z., Xu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300423 · Cited by 8
Preexisting Diabetes Mellitus and All-Cause Mortality in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Angriman, F., Saoraya, J., Lawler, P. R., Shah, B. R., Martin, C. M., Scales, D. C., & on behalf of the Sepsis Canada Network (2024) · Critical Care Explorations · doi:10.1097/cce.0000000000001085 · Cited by 8
Specific depressive symptoms, body mass index and diabetes in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: Analysis of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
Gan, Y.-Y., Yang, J., Zhai, L., Liao, Q., & Huo, R. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.048 · Cited by 8
Using Alma to Alleviate Tristeza Maternal: Preliminary Outcomes of a Peer-Led Behavioral Activation Program Among Latina Mothers
Collado, A., Hicks, L. M., Hubley, S. H., Levy, J., McKimmy, C., Genovez, M., Gallop, R., Bauer, D., Aranda, E., & Dimidjian, S. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.11.003 · Cited by 8
Machine learning based on alcohol drinking-gut microbiota-liver axis in predicting the occurrence of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma
Yang, Y., Bo, Z., Wang, J., Chen, B., Su, Q., Lian, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, J., Zheng, C.-M., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-13161-1 · Cited by 8
Association between domain-specific physical activity and triglyceride‑glucose (TyG) index among US adults: Evidence from NHANES 2007–2018
Yao, K. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21379-2 · Cited by 8
CLEC11A-Driven Molecular Mechanisms in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Comprehensive Multi-Omics Study
Jiang, N., Wang, Q., Hu, Z., & Tian, X. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s505296 · Cited by 8
Estimating cancer incidence attributable to physical inactivity in the United States
Lynch, B. M., Bassett, J. K., Milne, R. L., Patel, A. V., Rees‐Punia, E., Lee, I.-M. M., Moore, S. C., & Matthews, C. E. (2025) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35725 · Cited by 8
Rising inequality: is the public response really lacking? A comparative longitudinal analysis of perceived inequality and evaluative attitudes
Wiesner, T. (2025) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwaf017 · Cited by 9
Beyond visits: Investigating the restorative pathways and cumulative effects of park engagement and sustained exposure on psychological well-being with park type as a moderator
Li, Y., Zhao, B., Jiang, B., Jia, X., Li, H., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121520 · Cited by 8
Modification and mediation effects of ozone on heatwave-mortality association: A time series study in five provinces of China
Hu, J., Zeng, W., Guo, Y., Meng, R., Huang, S., Zhou, C., Xiao, Y., Yu, M., Huang, B., Lu, D., et al. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126493 · Cited by 8
Serum periostin among infants with severe bronchiolitis and risk of developing asthma: A prospective multicenter cohort study
Nanishi, M., Fujiogi, M., Freishtat, R. J., Hoptay, C. E., Bauer, C. S., Stevenson, M. D., Camargo, C. A., & Hasegawa, K. (2022) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15216 · Cited by 8
Mediating Effect of Physical Activity in the Association between Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Frailty Trajectories: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Shi, Z., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., Lin, J., & Fang, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112292 · Cited by 8
Effect of treatment adherence on the association between sex and unfavourable treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in Puducherry, India: a mediation analysis
Barathi, A., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Sinha, P., Horsburgh, C. R., Hochberg, N. S., Johnson, W. E., Salgame, P. R., Soundappan, G., Senbagavalli, P., Lakshminarayanan, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdac062 · Cited by 8
DNA methylation and aeroallergen sensitization: The chicken or the egg?
Kilanowski, A., Merid, S. K., Abrishamcar, S., Feil, D., Thiering, E., Waldenberger, M., Melén, E., Peters, A., Standl, M., & Hüls, A. (2022) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-022-01332-5 · Cited by 8
Examining socioeconomic status disparities in facility-based childbirth in Kenya: role of perceived need, accessibility, and quality of care
Kapula, N., SHIBOSKI, S. C., Dehlendorf, C. E., Ouma, L., & Afulani, P. A. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05111-1 · Cited by 8
Infarct volume after ischemic stroke as a mediator of the effect of endovascular thrombectomy on early postprocedural neurologic deficit
Samuels, N., Compagne, K. C. J., van der Ende, N. A. M., Chalos, V., Konduri, P. R., van Doormaal, P., van Zwam, W. H., Majoie, C. B. L. M., Marquering, H. A., Roozenbeek, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106906 · Cited by 8
The Double-Edged Sword of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Terrorism
Biglaiser, G., Hunter, L. Y., & McGauvran, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231153584 · Cited by 10
Birth Weight, Cardiometabolic Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Su, S., Fan, J., Yang, Y., Yang, C., & Jia, X. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad308 · Cited by 9
The intervening influence of the quality of health-care administrative process on the relationship between facilities management service quality and patients’ health-care experience in Ghana
Amankwah, O., Choong, W. W., Boakye-Agyeman, N. A., & Afrane, E. (2023) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/f-12-2022-0153 · Cited by 8
Emotional responses to COVID-19 stressors increase information avoidance about an important unrelated health threat
Gustafson, C. R., Brooks, K. R., Meerza, S. I. A., & Yiannaka, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286712 · Cited by 9
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in achievement of treatment goals within a clinical trial: a secondary analysis of the ACCORD trial
CROMER, S. J., Thaweethai, T., & Wexler, D. J. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05997-2 · Cited by 8
First-Attempt Success Between Anatomically and Physiologically Difficult Airways in the National Emergency Airway Registry
Nikolla, D. A., Offenbacher, J., Smith, S. W., Genes, N. G., Herrera, O. A., Carlson, J. N., & Brown, C. A. (2024) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006828 · Cited by 8
Causal association between low vitamin D and polycystic ovary syndrome: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study
Gao, B., Zhang, C., Wang, D., Li, B.-J., Shan, Z., Teng, W., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-024-01420-5 · Cited by 10
Lipids as potential mediators linking body mass index to diabetes: evidence from a mediation analysis based on the NAGALA cohort
Lu, S., Wang, Q., Lu, H., Kuang, M., Zhang, M., Sheng, G., Zou, Y., & Peng, X. (2024) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01594-5 · Cited by 9
Organisational changes and depression: The mediating role of psychosocial work exposures in the SUMER study
Niedhammer, I., Quatrevaux, M., & Bertrais, S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.157 · Cited by 8

Authors: VanderWeele, T. J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: VanderWeele, Tyler J.
ORCID: VanderWeele, Tyler J.
Venue: Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2016-03-18
Volume: 37
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-32
ISSN: 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
1545-2093
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402
OpenAlex: W2193561325
Cited by: 1,985
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 298 · 2025: 340 · 2024: 338 · 2023: 260 · 2022: 226 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 11
FWCI: 4.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES017876)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
Keywords: mediation analysis, direct and indirect effects, causal inference, binary outcomes, case-control study, sensitivity analysis, unmeasured confounding, measurement error, time-to-event outcomes, multiple mediators, flexible modeling
MeSH terms: Time Factors, Epidemiologic Research Design, Bias, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Logistic Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Mediation Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks