The DOI matches its Crossref record; 173 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Observational Constraints on Cosmic Reionization
Open accessAbstract
Observations have set the first constraints on the epoch of reionization (EoR), corresponding to the formation epoch of the first luminous objects. Studies of Gunn-Peterson (GP) absorption indicate a rapid increase in the neutral fraction of the intergalactic medium (IGM) from x HI< 10−4 at z ≤ 5.5, to x HI> 10−3, perhaps up to 0.1, at z∼6, while the large scale polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) implies a significant ionization fraction extending to higher redshifts, z∼11 ± 3. These results, as well as observations of galaxy populations, suggest that reionization is a process that begins as early as z∼14, and ends with the “percolation” phase at z∼6 to 8. Low luminosity star-forming galaxies are likely the dominant sources of reionizing photons. Future low-frequency radio telescopes will make direct measurements of HI 21-cm emission from the neutral IGM during the EoR, and measurements of secondary CMB temperature anisotropy will provide details of the dynamics of the reionized IGM.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Spergel, D. N., Verde, L., Peiris, H. V., Komatsu, E., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., Halpern, M., Hinshaw, G., Jarosik, N., Kogut, A., et al. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/377226 · Cited by 10,976
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
York, D. G., Adelman, J., Anderson, Jr., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., Bakken, J. A., Barkhouser, R., Bastian, S., Berman, E., et al. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301513 · Cited by 10,366
Self-citationThree‐Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Observations: Implications for Cosmology
Spergel, D. N., Bean, R., Dore, O., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., Dunkley, J., Hinshaw, G., Jarosik, N., Komatsu, E., Page, L., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/513700 · Cited by 6,778
Cosmological parameters from SDSS and WMAP
Tegmark, M., Strauss, M. A., Blanton, M. R., Abazajian, K., Dodelson, S., Sandvik, H., Wang, X., Weinberg, D. H., Zehavi, I., Bahcall, N. A., et al. (2004) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.69.103501 · Cited by 3,982
A Line-of-Sight Integration Approach to Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies
Seljak, U., & Zaldarriaga, M. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177793 · Cited by 2,019
The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey: Initial Results from Optical and Near-Infrared Imaging
Giavalisco, M., Ferguson, H. C., Koekemoer, A. M., Dickinson, M., Alexander, D. M., Bauer, F. E., Bergeron, J., Biagetti, C., Brandt, W. N., Casertano, S., et al. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/379232 · Cited by 1,678
Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. II. The Ultraviolet Extragalactic Background
Haardt, F., & Madau, P. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177035 · Cited by 1,570
In the beginning: the first sources of light and the reionization of the universe
Barkana, R., & Loeb, A. (2001) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(01)00019-9 · Cited by 1,386
A line of sight integration approach to cosmic microwave background anisotropiesPreprint
Zaldarriaga, M. (1996) · Cited by 1,367
On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space.
Gunn, J. E., & Peterson, B. A. (1965) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/148444 · Cited by 1,363
Cited by
Dunkley, J., Komatsu, E., Nolta, M. R., Spergel, D. N., Larson, D., Hinshaw, G., Page, L., Bennett, C. L., Gold, B., Jarosik, N., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/306 · Cited by 1,787
New cosmological constraints on primordial black holes
Carr, B. J., Kohri, K., Sendouda, Y., & Yokoyama, J. (2010) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.81.104019 · Cited by 1,166
Constraints on primordial black holes
Carr, B., Kohri, K., Sendouda, Y., & Yokoyama, J. (2021) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ac1e31 · Cited by 1,156
Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
Smith, N. (2014) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040025 · Cited by 1,042
Planck 2018 results: VIII. Gravitational lensing
Planck Collaboration, Aghanim, N., Akrami, Y., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833886 · Cited by 747
Metadata
- Authors
- Fan, X., Carilli, C. L., & Keating, B.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2006-09-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 415-462
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2136969532
- Cited by
- 788
- References
- 173
- FWCI
- 6.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Observational Constraints on Cosmic Reionization. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092514
- The paper
- Fan, X., Carilli, C. L., & Keating, B. (2006). Observational Constraints on Cosmic Reionization. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092514
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
