Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars

Smith, Nathan

doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040025

Cited by 1,042Stellar, planetary, and galactic studiesGamma-ray bursts and supernovaeAstrophysics and Star Formation Studies

Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars

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Smith, Nathan·2014·Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

DOI 10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040025

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Abstract

Our understanding of massive star evolution is in flux due to recent upheavals in our view of mass loss and observations of a high binary fraction among O-type stars. Mass-loss rates for standard metallicity-dependent winds of hot stars are lower by a factor of 2–3 compared with rates adopted in modern stellar evolution codes, due to the influence of clumping on observed diagnostics. Weaker hot star winds shift the burden of H-envelope removal to the winds, pulsations, and eruptions of evolved supergiants, as well as binary mass transfer. Studies of stripped-envelope supernovae, in particular, require binary mass transfer. Dramatic examples of eruptive mass loss are seen in Type IIn supernovae, which have massive shells ejected just a few years earlier. These eruptions are a prelude to core collapse, and may signify severe instabilities in the latest nuclear burning phases. We encounter the predicament that the most important modes of mass loss are also the most uncertain, undermining the predictive power of single-star evolution models. Moreover, the influence of winds and rotation has been evaluated by testing single-star models against observed statistics that, it turns out, are heavily influenced by binary evolution. Altogether, this may alter our view about the most basic outcomes of massive-star mass loss—are Wolf-Rayet stars and Type Ibc supernovae the products of winds, or are they mostly the result of binary evolution and eruptive mass loss? This is not fully settled, but mounting evidence points toward the latter. This paradigm shift impacts other areas of astronomy, because it changes predictions for ionizing radiation and wind feedback from stellar populations, it may alter conclusions about star-formation rates and initial mass functions, it affects the origin of compact stellar remnants, and it influences how we use supernovae as probes of stellar evolution across cosmic time.

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LSST will constrain the rates of individual eruption subclasses by detecting them in galaxies out to tens of megaparsecs.
“We will also constrain the rates of individual eruption subclasses ( Smith 2014 ) by detecting them in galaxies out to tens of megaparsecs.”
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A PANCHROMATIC VIEW OF THE RESTLESS SN 2009ip REVEALS THE EXPLOSIVE EJECTION OF A MASSIVE STAR ENVELOPE
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S Doradus variables in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds
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The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region
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Shell-shocked Diffusion Model for the Light Curve of SN 2006gy
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Inhibition of Wind-Compressed Disk Formation by Nonradial Line Forces in Rotating Hot-Star Winds
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A NEW CLASS OF LUMINOUS TRANSIENTS AND A FIRST CENSUS OF THEIR MASSIVE STELLAR PROGENITORS
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Revised Stellar Temperatures for Magellanic Cloud O Supergiants from Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer and Very Large Telescope UV‐Visual Echelle Spectrograph Spectroscopy
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Massive stars
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CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE FROM THE PALOMAR TRANSIENT FACTORY: INDICATIONS FOR A DIFFERENT POPULATION IN DWARF GALAXIES
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RED SUPERGIANTS AS POTENTIAL TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA PROGENITORS: SPATIALLY RESOLVED 4.6 μm CO EMISSION AROUND VY CMa AND BETELGEUSE
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Wind modelling of very massive stars up to 300 solar masses
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The Stellar Content and Distance of the Galaxy NGC 2403 IN the M81 Group
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The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB Associations in the Magellanic Clouds
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A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. III. A Search for Luminous Blue Variables and Other Hα Emission-Line Stars
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Mass Loss from M Stars
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THE DIVERSITY OF MASSIVE STAR OUTBURSTS. I. OBSERVATIONS OF SN2009ip, UGC 2773 OT2009-1, AND THEIR PROGENITORS
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ON THE NATURE OF THE PROTOTYPE LUMINOUS BLUE VARIABLE AG CARINAE. I. FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS DURING VISUAL MINIMUM PHASES AND CHANGES IN THE BOLOMETRIC LUMINOSITY DURING THE S-Dor CYCLE
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The Far-Ultraviolet Spectra of Six Stars in Orion
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Claeys, J. S. W., de Mink, S. E., Pols, O. R., Eldridge, J. J., & Baes, M. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015410 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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Gezari, S., Halpern, J. P., Grupe, D., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/690/2/1313 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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SN 2009ip à la PESSTO: no evidence for core collapse yet★
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THE TYPE IIb SUPERNOVA 2013df AND ITS COOL SUPERGIANT PROGENITOR
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Circumstellar dust as a solution to the red supergiant supernova progenitor problem
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Wolf--Rayet binaries in the Magellanic Clouds and implications for massive-star evolution -- I. Small Magellanic Cloud
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The relation between apparent temperature and mass-loss rate in hypergiant eruptions
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The Disappearance of the Progenitors of Supernovae 1993J and 2003gd
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High‐Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer
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The Porous Atmosphere of η Carinae
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Line‐driven Stellar Winds: The Dynamical Role of Diffuse Radiation Gradients and Limitations to the Sobolev Approach
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The Brightest Variable Stars in Extragalactic Nebulae. I. M31 and M33.
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A HIDDEN POPULATION OF MASSIVE STARS WITH CIRCUMSTELLAR SHELLS DISCOVERED WITH THESPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE
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The Cool Supergiant Population of the Massive Young Star Cluster RSGC1
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The massive star binary fraction in young open clusters – I. NGC 6231 revisited
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SN 2010jl IN UGC 5189: YET ANOTHER LUMINOUS TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA IN A METAL-POOR GALAXY
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SN 2011ht: confirming a class of interacting supernovae with plateau light curves (Type IIn-P)
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Clumping and mass loss in hot star winds
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High-mass binaries in the very young open cluster NGC 6231
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A revised historical light curve of Eta Carinae and the timing of close periastron encounters
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Constraints on the Ionization Balance of Hot‐Star Winds fromFUSEObservations of O Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
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Numerical models of collisions between core-collapse supernovae and circumstellar shells
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The massive star binary fraction in young open clusters – II. NGC 6611 (Eagle Nebula)
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DETECTION OF AN OUTBURST ONE YEAR PRIOR TO THE EXPLOSION OF SN 2011ht
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SN 1988Z: spectro-photometric catalogue and energy estimates
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Clumping in the inner winds of hot, massive stars from hydrodynamical line-driven instability simulations
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ROSATPSPC Observations of 27 Near–Main‐Sequence B Stars
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On the Role of the WNH Phase in the Evolution of Very Massive Stars: Enabling the LBV Instability with Feedback
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Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium - II. The transitional case of SN 2005la
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A blast wave from the 1843 eruption of η Carinae
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Quantitative Studies of the Far‐Ultraviolet, Ultraviolet, and Optical Spectra of Late O‐ and Early B‐Type Supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
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TURBULENT CELLS IN STARS: FLUCTUATIONS IN KINETIC ENERGY AND LUMINOSITY
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THE 2012 RISE OF THE REMARKABLE TYPE IIn SN 2009ip
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Authors: Smith, N.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Corresponding author: Smith, Nathan
ORCID: Smith, Nathan
Venue: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2014-08-18
Volume: 52
Issue: 1
Pages: 487-528
ISSN: 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
1545-4282
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040025
OpenAlex: W2151213110
Cited by: 1,042
References: 246
Citations by year: 2026: 72 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 4.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Locations: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Keywords: massive star evolution, stellar mass loss, hot star winds, Wolf-Rayet stars, Type Ib/c supernovae, stripped-envelope supernovae, Type IIn supernovae, eruptive mass loss, binary mass transfer, binary star evolution, O-type stars, stellar rotation, stellar feedback

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Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars

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