Cited by 839Developmental Biology and Gene RegulationWnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancerPlanarian Biology and Electrostimulation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 249 of the 249 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER

Harland, Richard, Gerhart, John·1997·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

▪ Abstract The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general meso-endoderm inducer (involving the TFG-β signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611

Cites

249 of 249 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Items 201–249 of 249

Ionic regulation of embryonic induction and cell differentiation in Rana Pipiens
BARTH, L. G., & Barth, L. J. (1974) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0012-1606(74)80004-7 · Cited by 81
eFGF is expressed in the dorsal midline of Xenopus laevis
Isaacs, H. V., Pownall, M. E., & Slack, J. M. W. (1995) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.8619955 · Cited by 81
Xenopus axis formation: induction of goosecoid by injected Xwnt-8 and activin mRNAs
Steinbeißer, H., Robertis, E. M. D., Ku, M., Kessler, D. S., & Melton, D. A. (1993) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.118.2.499 · Cited by 79
Activin signalling has a necessary function in Xenopus early development
Dyson, S., & Gurdon, J. B. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00030-3 · Cited by 78
Expression of Epi 1, an epidermis-specific marker in Xenopus laevis embryos, is specified prior to gastrulation
London, C. A., Akers, R. M., & Phillips, C. R. (1988) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(88)90385-5 · Cited by 77
Slow emergence of a multithreshold response to activin requires cell-contact-dependent sharpening but not prepattern
Green, J. B., Smith, J. C., & Gerhart, J. C. (1994) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(94)90053-1 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Organizing the Xenopus Organizer
Gerhart, J. C., Doniach, T., & Stewart, R. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6027-8_4 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Cell Behaviour During Active Cell Rearrangement: Evidence and Speculations
Keller, R. E., & Hardin, J. D. (1987) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.1987.supplement_8.21 · Cited by 75
The formation of the mesoderm in urodelean amphibians
Nieuwkoop, P. D., & Ubbels, G. A. (1972) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00582552 · Cited by 73
Single cell analysis of mesoderm formation in the Xenopus embryo
Godsave, S. F., & Slack, J. M. W. (1991) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.111.2.523 · Cited by 73
Slow emergence of a multithreshold response to activin requires cell-contact-dependent sharpening but not prepattern
Green, J. B. A., Smith, J. C., & Gerhart, J. C. (1994) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.120.8.2271 · Cited by 72
Self-citation
The effects of the excision of Hensen's node on the early development of the chick embryo
Grabowski, C. T. (1956) · Journal of Experimental Zoology · doi:10.1002/jez.1401330207 · Cited by 71
Induction of notochord cell intercalation behavior and differentiation by progressive signals in the gastrula of Xenopus laevis
Domingo, C. R., & Keller, R. E. (1995) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.121.10.3311 · Cited by 70
Cytoplasmically Anchored Plakoglobin Induces a WNT-like Phenotype inXenopus
Merriam, J., Rubenstein, A. B., & Klymkowsky, M. W. (1997) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8550 · Cited by 69
Tail bud determination in the vertebrate embryo
Tucker, A. S., & Slack, J. M. W. (1995) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00158-8 · Cited by 68
A cytoplasmic determinant for dorsal axis formation in an early embryo of Xenopus laevis
Yuge, M., Kobayakawa, Y., Fujisue, M., & Yamana, K. (1990) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.110.4.1051 · Cited by 66
Activation of dorsal development by contact between the cortical dorsal determinant and the equatorial core cytoplasm in eggs of Xenopus laevis
Kageura, H. (1997) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.124.8.1543 · Cited by 65
The midblastula cell cycle transition and the character of mesoderm in u.v.-induced nonaxialXenopusdevelopment
Cooke, J., & Smith, J. C. (1987) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.99.2.197 · Cited by 65
Spatial distribution of the capacity to initiate a secondary embryo in the 32-cell embryo ofXenopus laevis
Kageura, H. (1990) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(90)90365-p · Cited by 64
The Role of Competence in the Cranio‐Caudal Segregation of the Central Nervous System
Nieuwkoop, P. D., & Albers, B. (1990) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1111/j.1440-169x.1990.00023.x · Cited by 63
Microtubule disruption reveals that Spemann’s organizer is subdivided into two domains by the vegetal alignment zone
Lane, M. C., & Keller, R. E. (1997) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.124.4.895 · Cited by 62
Autonomous differentiation of dorsal axial structures from an animal cap cleavage stage blastomere in Xenopus
Gallagher, B. C., Hainski, A. M., & Moody, S. A. (1991) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.112.4.1103 · Cited by 61
Competence as the Main Factor Determining the Size of the Neural Plate
Albers, B. (1987) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1111/j.1440-169x.1987.00535.x · Cited by 59
Xenopus laevis in Developmental and Molecular Biology
Dawid, I. B., & Sargent, T. D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3287620 · Cited by 59
Induction of Axial Mesoderm by zDVR-1, the Zebrafish Orthologue ofXenopusVg1
Dohrmann, C. E., Kessler, D. S., & Melton, D. A. (1996) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0099 · Cited by 58
The vegetal determinants required for the Spemann organizer move equatorially during the first cell cycle
Sakai, M. (1996) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.122.7.2207 · Cited by 53
Role of the Xlim-1 and Xbra genes in anteroposterior patterning of neural tissue by the head and trunk organizer
Taira, M., Saint‐Jeannet, J., & Dawid, I. B. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.3.895 · Cited by 50
Expression of anMsx homeobox gene in ascidians: Insights into the archetypal chordate expression pattern
Ma, L., Swalla, B. J., Zhou, J., Dobias, S. L., Bell, J. R., Chen, J., Maxson, R. E., & Jeffery, W. R. (1996) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199603)205:3 · Cited by 50
Bone morphogenetic protein acts as a ventral mesoderm modifier in early Xenopus embryos
Suzuki, A., Shioda, N., & Ueno, N. (1995) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.t01-3-00013.x · Cited by 49
Initiation of Anterior Head-Specific Gene Expression in Uncommitted Ectoderm of Xenopus laevis by Ammonium Chloride
Mathers, P. H., Miller, A., Doniach, T., et al. (1995) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1995.1311 · Cited by 45
Changes in dorsoventral but not rostrocaudal regionalization of the chick neural tube in the absence of cranial notochord, as revealed by expression of Engrailed‐2
Darnell, D. K., Schoenwolf, G. C., & Ordahl, C. P. (1992) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/aja.1001930411 · Cited by 45
Germ Layer Interactions in Pattern Formation of Amphibian Mesoderm during Primary Embryonic Induction
SUZUKI, A. S., MIFUNE, Y., & Kanéda, T. (1984) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1111/j.1440-169x.1984.00081.x · Cited by 40
Mesodermal patterning during avian gastrulation and neurulation: Experimental induction of notochord from non‐notochordal precursor cells
Yuan, S., Darnell, D. K., & Schoenwolf, G. C. (1995) · Developmental Genetics · doi:10.1002/dvg.1020170106 · Cited by 39
Dynamics of the control of body pattern in the development of Xenopus laevis : III. Timing and pattern after u.v. irradiation of the egg and after excision of presumptive head endo—mesoderm
Cooke, J. (1985) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.88.1.135 · Cited by 36
An experimental system for analyzing response to a morphogen gradient.
Gurdon, J. B., Mitchell, A., & Ryan, K. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.18.9334 · Cited by 36
Studies on the Formation and State of Determination of the Trunk Organizer in the Newt, Cynops Pyrrhogaster III. Tangential Induction in the Dorsal Marginal Zone
KANÉDA, I. (1981) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1111/j.1440-169x.1981.00553.x · Cited by 36
Some aspects of embryonic induction.
Holtfreter, J. (1951) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Is ventral in insects dorsal in vertebrates?
Nübler‐Jung, K., & Arendt, D. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60492-8_24 · Cited by 34
An axial gradient of transgene methylation in murine skeletal muscle: genomic imprint of rostrocaudal position
Donoghue, M. J., Patton, B. L., Sanes, J. R., et al. (1992) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.116.4.1101 · Cited by 31
Localization of Activin and Follistatin Proteins in the Xenopus Oocyte
Uchiyama, H., Nakamura, T., Komazaki, S., et al. (1994) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1954 · Cited by 30
Properties of the dorsal activity found in the vegetal cortical cytoplasm of Xenopus eggs
Holowacz, T., & Elinson, R. P. (1995) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.121.9.2789 · Cited by 30
Over-expression of fibroblast growth factors in Xenopus embryos
Thompson, J., & Slack, J. M. W. (1992) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/0925-4773(92)90051-k · Cited by 26
Vertical versus planar induction in amphibian early development
Nieuwkoop, P. D., & Koster, K. (1995) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.t01-5-00004.x · Cited by 23
Differentiation capacities of Spemann's organizer investigated in explants of diminishing size
Holtfreter-Ban, H. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 23
Anteroposterior neural tissue specification by activin-induced mesoderm
Green, J. B. A., Cook, T. L., Smith, J. C., & Grainger, R. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8596 · Cited by 20
Vertical versus planar neural induction in Rana pipiens embryos.
Saint‐Jeannet, J., & Dawid, I. B. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.8.3049 · Cited by 16
Dorsoventral patterning of the avian mesencephalon/metencephalon: Role of the notochord and floor plate in suppressing Engrailed‐2
Darnell, D. K., & Schoenwolf, G. C. (1995) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.480260106 · Cited by 10
What mechanisms drive cell migration and cell interactions in Pleurodeles?
Boucaut, J., Clavilier, L., Darribère, T., et al. (1996) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.8877440 · Cited by 8
Mesoderm induction and morphogen gradients
Harger, P. L., & Gurdon, J. B. (1996) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/scdb.1996.0013 · Cited by 6

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 16

Boucaut JC, 1996, Int. J. Dev. Biol., 40, 675
Cooke J, 1985, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 88, 135
Dale L, 1985, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 89, 289
Dosch R, 1997, Entwicklungsbiol. Abstr., 54
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90682-G · DOI
Harland RM. 1996. Neural induction inXenopus. InMolecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development, ed. WM Cowan, TM Jessell, SL Zipursky. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. In press
Holtfreter J, 1951, Growth, 3, 117
Holtfreter J, Hamburger V. 1955. Embryogenesis: progressive differentiation—amphibians. InAnalysis of Development, ed. BH Willier, PA Weiss, V Hamburger, pp. 230–96. New York: Haffner. Reprinted 1971
Isaacs HV, 1995, J. Dev. Biol., 39, 575
Kageura H, 1997, Development.
Keller R, 1992, Dev. Suppl.
McMahon JA, 1997, Development.
Nieuwkoop PD, 1950, Arch. Biol., 61, 113
Schulte-Merker S, 1997, Abstr. Ges. Entwicklungsbiol., 13
Smith JC, 1983, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 78, 299
Zoltewicz JS, 1997, Dev. Biol.

Sorted by citations

The Draft Genome of Ciona intestinalis : Insights into Chordate and Vertebrate Origins
Dehal, P., Satou, Y., Campbell, R. K., Chapman, J., Degnan, B., De Tomaso, A., Davidson, B., Di Gregorio, A., Gelpke, M., Goodstein, D. M., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1080049 · Cited by 1,641
Wnt signal transduction pathways
Komiya, Y., & Habas, R. (2008) · Organogenesis · doi:10.4161/org.4.2.5851 · Cited by 1,528
Bone Dysplasia Sclerosteosis Results from Loss of the SOST Gene Product, a Novel Cystine Knot–Containing Protein
Brunkow, M. E., Gardner, J. C., Van Ness, J., Paeper, B. W., Kovacevich, B. R., Proll, S., Skonier, J. E., Zhao, L., Sabo, P. J., Fu, Y.-H., et al. (2001) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/318811 · Cited by 1,011
SOST Is a Ligand for LRP5/LRP6 and a Wnt Signaling Inhibitor
Semënov, M., Tamai, K., & He, X. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m504308200 · Cited by 771
DORSAL-VENTRAL PATTERNING AND NEURAL INDUCTION IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS
De Robertis, E. M., & Kuroda, H. (2004) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.011403.154124 · Cited by 671

See all 839

Authors: Harland, R., & Gerhart, J.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Harland, Richard
Venue: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1997-11
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 611-667
ISSN: 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
1530-8995
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611
OpenAlex: W2115686163
Cited by: 839
References: 249
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 4.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 19363, GM 42341, R01GM042341, R01GM049346, GM 49346)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
Keywords: Spemann organizer, amphibian embryos, TGF-beta signaling, Wnt signaling, maternal factors, competence domains, dorsalization, BMP antagonists, neural induction, dorsal mesoderm, gastrulation, blastula
MeSH terms: Amphibians, Animals, Blastocyst, Cell Differentiation, Endoderm, Gastrula, Mesoderm, Signal Transduction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks