The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 204 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The New View of Animal Phylogeny
Abstract
▪ Abstract Molecular tools have profoundly rearranged our understanding of metazoan phylogeny. Initially based on the nuclear small ribosomal subunit (SSU or 18S) gene, recent hypotheses have been corroborated by several sources of data (including the nuclear large ribosomal subunit, Hox genes, mitochondrial gene order, concatenated mitochondrial genes, and the myosin II heavy chain gene). Herein, the evidence supporting our current understanding is discussed on a clade by clade basis. Bilaterian animals consist of three clades: Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa. Each clade is supported by molecular and morphological data. Deuterostomia is smaller than traditionally recognized, consisting of hemichordates, echinoderms, chordates, and Xenoturbella (an enigmatic worm-like animal). Lophotrochozoa groups animals with a lophophore feeding apparatus (Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and Phoronida) and trochophore larvae (e.g., annelids and mollusk), as well as several other recognized phyla (e.g., platyhelmin thes, sipunculans, nemerteans). Ecdysozoa comprises molting animals (e.g., arthropods, nematodes, tardigrades, priapulids), grouping together two major model organisms (Drosophila and Caenorhabditis) in the same lineage. Platyhelminthes do not appear to be monophyletic, with Acoelomorpha holding a basal position in Bilateria. Before the emergence of bilateral animals, sponges, ctenophorans, cnidarians, and placozoans split from the main animal lineage, but order of divergence is less than certain. Many questions persist concerning relationships within Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa, poriferan monophyly, and the placement of many less-studied taxa (e.g., kinorhynchs, gastrotrichs, gnathostomulids, and entoprocts).
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“These have been interpreted as grasping spines of the Chaetognatha, a protostomian phylum close to the Lophotrochozoa, but most likely its sister-group (Halanych, 2004; Dunn et al . 2008).”
From Chronology of early Cambrian biomineralization (2012) · cites this paper as Halanych, 2004
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Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life
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Metadata
- Authors
- Halanych, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Auburn University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Halanych, Kenneth M.
- ORCID
- Halanych, Kenneth M.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2004-12-15
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 229-256
- ISSN
- 1543-592X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2069
- OpenAlex
- W2114395497
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 204
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 6.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Keywords
- animal phylogeny, metazoan phylogeny, deuterostomes, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Acoelomorpha, Cnidaria, placozoans, Hox genes, mitochondrial gene order, myosin II heavy chain, Xenoturbella, hemichordates, Echinodermata, Chordata
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