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The New View of Animal Phylogeny

Halanych, Kenneth M.·2004·Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124

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Abstract

▪ Abstract Molecular tools have profoundly rearranged our understanding of metazoan phylogeny. Initially based on the nuclear small ribosomal subunit (SSU or 18S) gene, recent hypotheses have been corroborated by several sources of data (including the nuclear large ribosomal subunit, Hox genes, mitochondrial gene order, concatenated mitochondrial genes, and the myosin II heavy chain gene). Herein, the evidence supporting our current understanding is discussed on a clade by clade basis. Bilaterian animals consist of three clades: Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa. Each clade is supported by molecular and morphological data. Deuterostomia is smaller than traditionally recognized, consisting of hemichordates, echinoderms, chordates, and Xenoturbella (an enigmatic worm-like animal). Lophotrochozoa groups animals with a lophophore feeding apparatus (Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and Phoronida) and trochophore larvae (e.g., annelids and mollusk), as well as several other recognized phyla (e.g., platyhelmin thes, sipunculans, nemerteans). Ecdysozoa comprises molting animals (e.g., arthropods, nematodes, tardigrades, priapulids), grouping together two major model organisms (Drosophila and Caenorhabditis) in the same lineage. Platyhelminthes do not appear to be monophyletic, with Acoelomorpha holding a basal position in Bilateria. Before the emergence of bilateral animals, sponges, ctenophorans, cnidarians, and placozoans split from the main animal lineage, but order of divergence is less than certain. Many questions persist concerning relationships within Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa, poriferan monophyly, and the placement of many less-studied taxa (e.g., kinorhynchs, gastrotrichs, gnathostomulids, and entoprocts).

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Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life
Dunn, C. W., Hejnol, A., Matus, D. Q., Pang, K., Browne, W. E., Smith, S. A., Seaver, E., Rouse, G. W., Obst, M., Edgecombe, G. D., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06614 · Cited by 1,921
Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life
Ciccarelli, F. D., Doerks, T., von Mering, C., Creevey, C. J., Snel, B., & Bork, P. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1123061 · Cited by 1,663
Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential
Taylor, M. W., Radax, R., Steger, D., & Wagner, M. (2007) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00040-06 · Cited by 1,493
The Cambrian Conundrum: Early Divergence and Later Ecological Success in the Early History of Animals
Erwin, D. H., Laflamme, M., Tweedt, S. M., Sperling, E. A., Pisani, D., & Peterson, K. J. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206375 · Cited by 1,336
Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life
Delsuc, F., Brinkmann, H., & Philippe, H. (2005) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1603 · Cited by 1,264

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Authors: Halanych, K. M.
Affiliations: Auburn University (US)
Corresponding author: Halanych, Kenneth M.
ORCID: Halanych, Kenneth M.
Venue: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2004-12-15
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 229-256
ISSN: 1543-592X (ISSN-L)
1545-2069
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124
OpenAlex: W2114395497
Cited by: 489
References: 204
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 6.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
Keywords: animal phylogeny, metazoan phylogeny, deuterostomes, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Acoelomorpha, Cnidaria, placozoans, Hox genes, mitochondrial gene order, myosin II heavy chain, Xenoturbella, hemichordates, Echinodermata, Chordata

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The New View of Animal Phylogeny

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