Extending the Time Scale in Atomistic Simulation of Materials
Abstract
▪ Abstract Obtaining a good atomistic description of diffusion dynamics in materials has been a daunting task owing to the time-scale limitations of the molecular dynamics method. We discuss promising new methods, derived from transition state theory, for accelerating molecular dynamics simulations of these infrequent-event processes. These methods, hyperdynamics, parallel replica dynamics, temperature-accelerated dynamics, and on-the-fly kinetic Monte Carlo, can reach simulation times several orders of magnitude longer than direct molecular dynamics while retaining full atomistic detail. Most applications so far have involved surface diffusion and growth, but it is clear that these methods can address a wide range of materials problems.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In order to observe a rare (activated) event without developing dedicated hardware, one needs to selectively increase the speed at which the pathways related to the transition are traversed, to modify the probability distribution that is sampled during the simulation so that configurations close to the transition state occur more often, or to generate adaptively ensembles of trajectories that覆盖the
“In order to observe a rare (activated) event without developing dedicated hardware 1 one needs to selectively increase the speed at which the pathways related to the transition are traversed 51,87,88 , to modify the probability distribution that is sampled during the simulation so that configurations that are close to the transition state occur more often 15,89 , or to generate adaptively ens”
From Unsupervised machine learning in atomistic simulations, between predictions and understanding (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
Cites
Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines
Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A. W., Rosenbluth, M. N., Teller, A. H., & Teller, E. (1953) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1699114 · Cited by 37,192 · see citing works
A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths
Henkelman, G., Uberuaga, B. P., & Jónsson, H. (2000) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1329672 · Cited by 21,576 · see citing works
Payne, M. C., Teter, M. P., Allan, D. C., Arias, T. A., & Joannopoulos, J. D. (1992) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.64.1045 · Cited by 9,693 · see citing works
Henkelman, G., & Jónsson, H. (2000) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1323224 · Cited by 9,496 · see citing works
Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions
Kramers, H. A. (1940) · Physica · doi:10.1016/s0031-8914(40)90098-2 · Cited by 8,703 · see citing works
Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy
Chandrasekhar, S. (1943) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.15.1 · Cited by 8,537 · see citing works
Reaction-rate theory: fifty years after Kramers
Hänggi, P., Talkner, P., & Borkovec, M. (1990) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.62.251 · Cited by 6,154 · see citing works
Gillespie, D. T. (1976) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/0021-9991(76)90041-3 · Cited by 6,029 · see citing works
Understanding Molecular Simulation
Frenkel, D., Smit, B., Tobochnik, J., McKay, S. R., & Christian, W. (1997) · Computers in Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4822570 · Cited by 5,395 · see citing works
The Activated Complex in Chemical Reactions
Eyring, H. (1935) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1749604 · Cited by 5,236 · see citing works
Henkelman, G., & Jónsson, H. (1999) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.480097 · Cited by 3,558 · see citing works
A new algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of Ising spin systems
Bortz, A. B., Kalos, M. H., & Lebowitz, J. L. (1975) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/0021-9991(75)90060-1 · Cited by 2,430 · see citing works
Frequency factors and isotope effects in solid state rate processes
Vineyard, G. H. (1957) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-3697(57)90059-8 · Cited by 2,290 · see citing works
Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed Phase Simulations
(1998) · doi:10.1142/3816 · Cited by 2,284 · see citing works
Current Status of Transition-State Theory
Truhlar, D. G., Garrett, B. C., & Klippenstein, S. J. (1996) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jp953748q · Cited by 2,279 · see citing works
Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Zwanzig, R. W. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195140187.001.0001 · Cited by 2,075 · see citing works
The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications
Daw, M. S., Foiles, S. M., & Baskes, M. I. (1993) · Materials Science Reports · doi:10.1016/0920-2307(93)90001-u · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Statistical mechanics of isomerization dynamics in liquids and the transition state approximation
Chandler, D. (1978) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.436049 · Cited by 1,429 · see citing works
Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Zwanzig, R. W. (1990) · doi:10.1142/1009 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Variational transition-state theory
Truhlar, D. G., & Garrett, B. C. (1980) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar50156a002 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Theoretical foundations of dynamical Monte Carlo simulations
Fichthorn, K. A., & Weinberg, W. H. (1991) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.461138 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
Microscopic view of epitaxial metal growth: nucleation and aggregation
Brune, H. (1998) · Surface Science Reports · doi:10.1016/s0167-5729(99)80001-6 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Diffusion in Solids: Recent Developments
Nowick, A. S., & Burton, J. J. (1975) · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Hyperdynamics: Accelerated Molecular Dynamics of Infrequent Events
Voter, A. F. (1997) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.3908 · Cited by 996 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperature-accelerated dynamics for simulation of infrequent events
rensen, M. R. S., & Voter, A. F. (2000) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.481576 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Self-citationCerjan, C., & Miller, W. H. (1981) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.442352 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Über das Überschreiten von Potentialschwellen bei chemischen Reaktionen
Wigner, E. P. (1932) · Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie · doi:10.1515/zpch-1932-1920 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Predicting slow structural transitions in macromolecular systems: Conformational flooding
Grubmüller, H. (1995) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.52.2893 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Accurate Interatomic Potentials for Ni, Al and Ni3Al
Voter, A. F., & Chen, S. P. (1986) · MRS Proceedings · doi:10.1557/proc-82-175 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationA method for accelerating the molecular dynamics simulation of infrequent events
Voter, A. F. (1997) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.473503 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Self-citationParallel replica method for dynamics of infrequent events
Voter, A. F. (1998) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.57.r13985 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Self-citationEAM study of surface self-diffusion of single adatoms of fcc metals Ni, Cu, Al, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt
Liu, C. L., Cohen, J. M., Adams, J. B., et al. (1991) · Surface Science · doi:10.1016/0039-6028(91)90604-q · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Screen Savers of the World Unite!
Shirts, M., & Pande, V. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1903 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Reentrant layer-by-layer growth during molecular-beam epitaxy of metal-on-metal substrates
Kunkel, R., Poelsema, B., Verheij, L. K., et al. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.65.733 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Classically exact overlayer dynamics: Diffusion of rhodium clusters on Rh(100)
Voter, A. F. (1986) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.34.6819 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citationEvent-Based Relaxation of Continuous Disordered Systems
Barkema, G. T., & Mousseau, N. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.4358 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Henkelman, G., & Jónsson, H. (2001) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1415500 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Defect migration in crystalline silicon
Munro, L. J., & Wales, D. J. (1999) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.3969 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Classical and modern methods in reaction rate theory
Berne, B. J., Borkovec, M., & Straub, J. E. (1988) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100324a007 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Surface self-diffusion on Pt(001) by an atomic exchange mechanism
KELLOGG, G. L., & Feibelman, P. J. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.64.3143 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Diffusion path for an Al adatom on Al(001)
Feibelman, P. J. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.65.729 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Trajectory analysis of a kinetic theory for isomerization dynamics in condensed phases
Montgomery, J. A. J., Chandler, D., & Berne, B. J. (1979) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.438028 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) Oscillations at 77 K
Egelhoff, W. F., & Jacob, I. (1989) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.62.921 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Voter, A. F., & Doll, J. D. (1985) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.448739 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationŽagrović, B., Sorin, E. J., & Pande, V. S. (2001) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5033 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Displacement distribution and atomic jump direction in diffusion of Ir atoms on the Ir(001) surface
Chen, C., & Tsong, T. T. (1990) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.64.3147 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Molecular Dynamics and Transition State Theory: The Simulation of Infrequent Events
Bennett, C. H. (1977) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-1977-0046.ch004 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Algorithms for Chemical Computations
Christoffersen, R. E. (1977) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-1977-0046 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Statistical investigation of dissociation cross-sections for diatoms
Keck, J. C. (1962) · Discussions of the Faraday Society · doi:10.1039/df9623300173 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Island Shape-Induced Transition from 2D to 3D Growth for Pt/Pt(111)
Jacobsen, J., Jacobsen, K. W., Stoltze, P., et al. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.74.2295 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Voter, A. F., & Doll, J. D. (1984) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.446610 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationHoffman, D. K., Nord, R. S., & Ruedenberg, K. (1986) · Theoretical Chemistry Accounts · doi:10.1007/bf00527704 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Molecular dynamics of infrequent events: Thermal desorption of xenon from a platinum surface
Grimmelmann, E. K., Tully, J. C., & Helfand, E. (1981) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.441696 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Contribution à l’étude de la cinétique physico-chimique
Marcelin, M. R. (1915) · Annales de Physique · doi:10.1051/anphys/191509030120 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Theoretical Studies of Atomic-Scale Processes Relevant to Crystal Growth
Jónsson, H. (2000) · Annual Review of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.623 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Dislocation Mechanism for Island Diffusion on fcc (111) Surfaces
Hamilton, J. C., Daw, M. S., & Foiles, S. M. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.74.2760 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Dimer Shearing as a Novel Mechanism for Cluster Diffusion and Dissociation on Metal (100) Surfaces
Shi, Z.-P., Zhang, Z., Swan, A. K., et al. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.76.4927 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Mathematical Analysis of Coupled Parallel Simulations
Shirts, M. R., & Pande, V. S. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.86.4983 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Voter, A. F. (1985) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.448373 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationMedicine or Physiology: My Personal Mix
Leaf, A. (2001) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Novel Mechanism for Diffusion of One-Dimensional Clusters: Pt/Pt(110)−(1×2)
Linderoth, T. R., Horch, S., Petersen, L., et al. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.1494 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Simple bias potential for boosting molecular dynamics with the hyperdynamics scheme
Steiner, M., Genilloud, P.-A., & Wilkins, J. W. (1998) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.57.10236 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Leapfrog Diffusion Mechanism for One-Dimensional Chains on Missing-Row Reconstructed Surfaces
Montalenti, F., & Ferrando, R. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.1498 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationExact Defect Calculations in Model Substances
Bennett, C. H. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-522660-8.50007-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Closing the Gap between Experiment and Theory: Crystal Growth by Temperature Accelerated Dynamics
Montalenti, F., Sørensen, M. R., & Voter, A. F. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.126101 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationSevick, E. M., Bell, A. T., & Theodorou, D. N. (1993) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.464093 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Predicting Rare Events in Molecular Dynamics
Anderson, J. B. (1995) · Advances in chemical physics · doi:10.1002/9780470141502.ch5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Theory of classical diffusion jumps in solids
Toller, M., Jacucci, G., DeLorenzi, G., & Flynn, C. P. (1985) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.32.2082 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Fang, Q. F., & Wang, R. (2000) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.62.9317 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Using Temperature to Tune Film Roughness: Nonintuitive Behavior in a Simple System
Stoldt, C. R., Caspersen, K., Bartelt, M. C., et al. (2000) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.800 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Accelerated molecular dynamics of infrequent events
Pal, S., & Fichthorn, K. A. (1999) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/s1385-8947(99)00055-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Accommodation and diffusion of Cu deposited on flat and stepped Cu(111) surfaces
Stoltze, P., & Nørskov, J. K. (1993) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.48.5607 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Montalenti, F., & Voter, A. F. (2002) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1449865 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationClosing the Gap between Experiment and Theory
Montalenti, F., Sørensen, M. R., & Voter, A. F. (2001) · Technische Universität Dortmund Eldorado (Technische Universität Dortmund) · doi:10.17877/de290r-12418 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-temperature homoepitaxial growth of Pt(111) in simulated vapor deposition
Villarba, M., & Jónsson, H. (1994) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.49.2208 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The activation–relaxation technique: an efficient algorithm for sampling energy landscapes
Barkema, G. T., & Mousseau, N. (2001) · Computational Materials Science · doi:10.1016/s0927-0256(00)00184-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Energetics and many-particle mechanisms of two-dimensional cluster diffusion on Cu(100) surfaces
Trushin, O. S., Salo, P., & Ala-Nissilä, T. (2000) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.62.1611 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Normal-incidence steering effect in crystal growth: Ag/Ag(100)
Montalenti, F., & Voter, A. F. (2001) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.64.081401 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationVoter, A. F., & Doll, J. D. (1984) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.446606 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationHyper molecular dynamics with a local bias potential
Gong, X.-G., & Wilkins, J. W. (1999) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.54 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wang, R., & Fichthorn, K. A. (1994) · Surface Science · doi:10.1016/0039-6028(94)91305-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Computing classically exact diffusion constants using short-time trajectories
Voter, A. F. (1989) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.63.167 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationApplying Accelerated Molecular Dynamics to Crystal Growth
Montalenti, F., & Voter, A. F. (2001) · physica status solidi (b) · doi:10.1002/1521-3951(200107)226:1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAccelerated dynamics simulations of interstitial-cluster growth
Birner, S., Kim, J., Richie, D. A., et al. (2001) · Solid State Communications · doi:10.1016/s0038-1098(01)00391-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Voter, A. F., & Germann, T. C. (1998) · MRS Proceedings · doi:10.1557/proc-528-221 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationChekmarev, S. F., & Krivov, S. V. (1998) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00209-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Numerical calculations using the hyper-molecular dynamics simulation method
Sanz-Navarro, C. F., & Smith, R. (2001) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/s0010-4655(01)00180-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hypermolecular dynamics simulations of monovacancy diffusion
Duan, X. M., Sun, D. Y., & Gong, X. G. (2001) · Computational Materials Science · doi:10.1016/s0927-0256(00)00172-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Richie, D. A., Kim, J., & Wilkins, J. W. (2001) · MRS Proceedings · doi:10.1557/proc-677-aa5.1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Numerical implementation of the hyper-molecular dynamics method with examples applied to diffusion
Sanz-Navarro, C. F., & Smith, R. (2001) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00407-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bias Potentials for Ttyperdynamics Simulations
Rudd, W. G., & Voter, A. F. (1998) · MRS Proceedings · doi:10.1557/proc-538-485 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCalculation of point-defect entropy in metals
Mishin, M. R. S. Y. (2001) · Philosophical magazine. A/Philosophical magazine. A. Physics of condensed matter. Structure, defects and mechanical properties · doi:10.1080/01418610110043145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The General Utility Lattice Program ( <scp>GULP</scp> )
Gale, J. D., & Rohl, A. L. (2003) · Molecular Simulation · doi:10.1080/0892702031000104887 · Cited by 2,265 · see citing works
Cheng, T., Xiao, H., & Goddard, W. A. (2016) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6b08534 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Unsupervised machine learning in atomistic simulations, between predictions and understanding
Ceriotti, M. (2019) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5091842 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Computational Approaches to Zeolite-Based Adsorption Processes
Gutiérrez-Sevillano, J. J., & Calero, S. (2020) · Structure and Bonding · doi:10.1007/430_2020_66 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Voter, A. F., Montalenti, F., & Germann, T. C.
- Affiliations
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Materials Research
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 321-346
- ISSN
- 1531-7331 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4118
- OpenAlex
- W2095938967
- Cited by
- 700
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Materials Research (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Materials Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Theoretical and Computational Physics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Machine Learning in Materials Science
- Keywords
- hyperdynamics, transition state theory, diffusion dynamics, surface diffusion, surface growth, atomistic simulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review