CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 227Sleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchSleep and Wakefulness Research

Sleep and Its Disorders

Vgontzas, MD, A. N., Kales, MD, A.·1999·Annual Review of Medicine
DOI 10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.387
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Sleep disorders are very prevalent in the general population and are associated with significant medical, psychological, and social disturbances. Insomnia is the most common. When chronic, it usually reflects psychological/behavioral disturbances. Most insomniacs can be evaluated in an office setting, and a multidimensional approach is recommended, including sleep hygiene measures, psychotherapy, and medication. The parasomnias, including sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares, have benign implications in childhood but often reflect psychopathology or significant stress in adolescents and adults and organicity in the elderly. Excessive daytime sleepiness is typically the most frequent complaint and often reflects organic dysfunction. Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia are chronic brain disorders with an onset at a young age, whereas sleep apnea is more common in middle age and is associated with obesity and cardiovascular problems. Therapeutic naps, medications, and supportive therapy are recommended for narcolepsy and hypersomnia; continuous positive airway pressure, weight loss, surgery, and oral devices are the common treatments for sleep apnea.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.387

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Nightmares are related to REM sleep and usually occur in the middle of the night or early hours in the morning.

    “In contrast, nightmares are related to REM sleep and usually occur in the middle of the night or early hours in the morning [63, 64].”

    From Sleep Terrors: An Updated Review (2020) · cites this paper as [64]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Vgontzas, M., & Kales, M.
Affiliations
Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033;
Venue
Annual Review of Medicine
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
1999-02
Volume
50
Issue
1
Pages
387-400
ISSN
  • 0066-4219 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-326X
DOI
10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.387
OpenAlex
W2109610174
Cited by
227
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
FWCI
3.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annual Review of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
sleep disorders, insomnia, parasomnias, sleepwalking, night terrors, nightmares, excessive daytime sleepiness, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, sleep apnea, sleep hygiene, psychotherapy, continuous positive airway pressure, obesity, cardiovascular disease
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Child, Chronic Disease, Dreams, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Middle Aged, Narcolepsy, Psychotherapy, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Somnambulism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review