The DOI matches its Crossref record; 261 of the 261 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Structure and Organization of Memory
Abstract
ly, so that it is sometimes difficult to appreciate what would count for or against it. A difficulty with the systems view is that the definition of the term \system is uncertain, and it is not always clear from studies of normal subjects when behavioral findings justify postulating a separate memory sys tem. The concept of brain systems, while not entirely free of problems itself, provides a more concrete and in the end a more satisfying basis for thinking about memory systems. This is because a long tradition of anatomical and physiological work on the structure and organization of the brain has con cerned itself with the identification and study of separable neural systems, sometimes independently of or in advance of any understanding of their func tional significance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–261 of 261
Saunders, R. C., & Weiskrantz, L. (1989) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(89)80109-3 · Cited by 129
Diencephalic amnesia: a reorientation towards tracts?
Markowitsch, H. J. (1988) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(88)90012-4 · Cited by 128
Mnemonic correlates of unit activity in the hippocampus
Wible, C. G., Findling, R. L., Shapiro, M. L., Lang, E. J., Crane, S., & Olton, D. S. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90604-9 · Cited by 122
Yamadori, A., & Albert, M. L. (1973) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(73)80020-6 · Cited by 121
Intact priming of words and nonwords in amnesia
Haist, F., Musen, G., & Squire, L. R. (1991) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03332081 · Cited by 121
Self-citationClassical conditioning in patients with severe memory problems.
Daum, I., Channon, S., & Canavan, A. G. M. (1989) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.1.47 · Cited by 120
Amnesic Syndrome: A Lesion-Specific Disorder?
Parkin, A. J. (1984) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(84)80053-2 · Cited by 113
Kritchevsky, M., Squire, L. R., & Zouzounis, J. A. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.2.213 · Cited by 113
Self-citationActivation of existing memories in anterograde amnesia.
Diamond, R. J., & Rozin, P. N. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.1.98 · Cited by 108
Is the cerebellum involved in learning and cognition?
Ivry, R. B., & Baldo, J. V. (1992) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(92)90015-d · Cited by 106
Preserved Priming of Novel Objects in Patients with Memory Disorders
Schacter, D. L., Cooper, L. A., Tharan, M., & Rubens, A. B. (1991) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.117 · Cited by 106
Stochastic independence between two implicit memory tasks.
Witherspoon, D. P., & Moscovitch, M. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.1.22 · Cited by 103
Long-term memory in amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.4.763 · Cited by 98
Self-citationEnhancement of word completion priming in amnesics by cueing with previously novel associates
Mayes, A. R., & Gooding, P. A. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90185-1 · Cited by 98
A cell assembly theory of hippocampal amnesia
Milner, P. M. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90087-0 · Cited by 95
Residual Learning Capability in Organic Amnesia
Parkin, A. J. (1982) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(82)80040-3 · Cited by 95
Dissociation of implicit memory in dementia: Neurological implications
Butters, N., Heindel, W. C., & Salmon, D. P. (1990) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334042 · Cited by 93
Picture recognition vs. picture discrimination learning in monkeys with medial temporal removals
Overman, W., Ormsby, G. E., & Mishkin, M. (1990) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00228870 · Cited by 91
Cognitive Architectures From The Standpoint Of An Experimental Psychologist
Estes, W. K. (1991) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.000245 · Cited by 89
Preference, Familiarity, and Recognition after Repeated Brief Exposures to Random Geometric Shapes
Bonanno, G. A., & Stillings, N. A. (1986) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422493 · Cited by 89
Deficits in the implicit retention of new associations by alcoholic Korsakoff patients
Cermak, L. S., Bleich, R. P., & Blackford, S. P. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90005-x · Cited by 86
Influence of prior events on cognitive judgments in amnesia.
Squire, L. R., & McKee, R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.1.106 · Cited by 86
Self-citationThe ontogeny of memory for real events
Nelson, K. L. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511664014.010 · Cited by 84
Intact text-specific reading skill in amnesia.
Musen, G., Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.6.1068 · Cited by 84
Self-citationThe hippocampus, memory, and space
Squire, L. R., & Cave, C. B. (1991) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450010313 · Cited by 83
Self-citationRetrieving Information from Korsakoff Patients Effects of Categorical Cues and Reference to the Task
Gardner, H., Boller, F., Moreines, J., & Butters, N. (1973) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(73)80025-5 · Cited by 82
Recall of Events by Preverbal Childrena
Mandler, J. M. (1990) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48907.x · Cited by 80
Ringo, J. L. (1991) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80003-8 · Cited by 77
Hintzman, D. L., & Hartry, A. L. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.6.955 · Cited by 74
Benzing, W. C., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.538 · Cited by 74
Self-citationConnectionism and the Learning of Probabilistic Concepts
Shanks, D. R. (1990) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749008401219 · Cited by 73
Benson, D. F., & Geschwind, N. (1967) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.30.6.539 · Cited by 72
Equivalent forgetting rates in long-term memory for diencephalic and medial temporal lobe amnesia
McKee, R., & Squire, L. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-10-03765.1992 · Cited by 71
Self-citationOn the implicit learning of novel associations by amnesic patients and normal subjects.
Musen, G., & Squire, L. R. (1993) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.7.2.119 · Cited by 71
Self-citationDisproportionate intentional spatial-memory impairments in amnesia
Mayes, A. R., Meudell, P. R., & MacDonald, C. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90071-f · Cited by 70
Regency and Frequency Judgements in Alcoholic Amnesics and Normal People with Poor Memory
Meudell, P. R., Mayes, A. R., Ostergaard, A. L., & Pickering, A. D. (1985) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(58)80001-5 · Cited by 69
Marinković, K., Schell, A. M., & Dawson, M. E. (1989) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(89)90049-5 · Cited by 68
Phillips, R. R., Malamut, B. L., Bachevalier, J., & Mishkin, M. (1988) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(88)90035-6 · Cited by 68
Selective memory loss and global intellectual deficits in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome
Jacobson, R. R., & Lishman, W. (1987) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700025885 · Cited by 68
Alvarez, P., Zola-Morgan, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80319-5 · Cited by 66
Self-citationOverman, W. (1990) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48903.x · Cited by 65
Dissociations Among Processes in Remote Memory
SAGAR, H. J., Cohen, N. J., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37637.x · Cited by 63
Heindel, W. C., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1991) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639108401037 · Cited by 59
Musen, G., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03210928 · Cited by 58
Self-citationMemory: Organization of Brain Systems and Cognition
Squire, L. R., Zola-Morgan, S. M., Cave, C. B., Haist, F., Musen, G., & SUZUKI, W. A. (1990) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1477.003.0027 · Cited by 58
Self-citationChildhood Amnesia and the Development of a Socially Accessible Memory System
Kihlstrom, J. F., & Evans, F. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315794778-11 · Cited by 57
Normal acquisition of novel verbal information in amnesia.
Musen, G., & Squire, L. R. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.6.1095 · Cited by 52
Self-citationProblems with the finding of stochastic independence as evidence for multiple memory systems
Shimamura, A. P. (1985) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329867 · Cited by 52
Memory observed and memory unobserved
Jacoby, L. L. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511664014.007 · Cited by 51
A technique for promoting robust free recall in chronic organic amnesia
Kovner, R., Mattis, S. A., & Goldmeier, E. (1983) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638308401151 · Cited by 49
Priming and human memory systems
Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., Smith, B., & Adelman, G. (1991) · Cited by 49
Problems of learning and memory: one or multiple memory systems?
Weiskrantz, L. (1990) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1990.0154 · Cited by 46
A method for judging measures of stochastic dependence: Further comments on the current controversy.
Ostergaard, A. L. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.413 · Cited by 44
Effects of hippocampal lesions on heart rate in aversive classical conditioning
Caul, W. F., Jarrard, L. E., Miller, R. E., & Korn, J. H. (1969) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(69)90041-9 · Cited by 41
Consolidation of memory the hippocampus revisited
Mahut, H., & Moss, M. B. (1984) · Cited by 40
Gardiner, J. M. (1988) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03214225 · Cited by 37
Fluent reprocessing as an implicit expression of memory for experience.
Masson, M. E. J. (1989) · Cited by 28
Regional distribution of [3H]naloxone binding in the brain of a newborn rhesus monkey
Bachevalier, J., Ungerleider, L. G., O'Neill, J. B., et al. (1986) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(86)90221-x · Cited by 26
Rolls, E. T. (1990) · Academic Press Professional, Inc. eBooks · Cited by 25
Childhood amnesia and distinctions between forms of memory: A comment on Wood, Brown, and Felton
Ostergaard, A. L., & Squire, L. R. (1990) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(90)90024-i · Cited by 19
Self-citationSquire, L. R., Haist, F., & Shimamura, A. P. (1989) · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Cited by
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis
Klimesch, W. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00056-3 · Cited by 6,889
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002149 · Cited by 6,887
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal–anterior thalamic axis
Aggleton, J. P., & Brown, M. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002034 · Cited by 1,879
Metadata
- Authors
- Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B., & Musen, G.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1993-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 453-495
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2150750597
- Cited by
- 1,123
- References
- 261
- FWCI
- 19.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.