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The Structure and Organization of Memory
Abstract
ly, so that it is sometimes difficult to appreciate what would count for or against it. A difficulty with the systems view is that the definition of the term \system is uncertain, and it is not always clear from studies of normal subjects when behavioral findings justify postulating a separate memory sys tem. The concept of brain systems, while not entirely free of problems itself, provides a more concrete and in the end a more satisfying basis for thinking about memory systems. This is because a long tradition of anatomical and physiological work on the structure and organization of the brain has con cerned itself with the identification and study of separable neural systems, sometimes independently of or in advance of any understanding of their func tional significance.
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Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03337811 · Cited by 305
Self-citationThe Neuroanatomy of Amnesia: Amygdala-Hippocampus Versus Temporal Stem
Zola-Morgan, S., Squire, L. R., & Mishkin, M. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6890713 · Cited by 305
Self-citationEichenbaum, H., Fagan, A., Mathews, P., & Cohen, N. J. (1988) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.102.3.331 · Cited by 302
Dunn, L. T., & Everitt, B. J. (1988) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.102.1.3 · Cited by 301
A neuropsychological study of fact memory and source amnesia.
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.3.464 · Cited by 299
Self-citationSalience of item knowledge in learning artificial grammars.
Vokey, J. R., & Brooks, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.328 · Cited by 299
Memory and metamemory: a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.452 · Cited by 294
Self-citationPerceptual fluency and recognition judgments.
Johnston, W. A., Dark, V. J., & Jacoby, L. L. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.11.1.3 · Cited by 294
Rates of forgetting in Alzheimer-type dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome
Kopelman, M. D. (1985) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90064-8 · Cited by 290
Human Organic Memory Disorders
Mayes, A. R. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511574597 · Cited by 283
Classifying implicit memory tests: Category association and anagram solution
Srinivas, K., & Roediger, H. L. (1990) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(90)90063-6 · Cited by 281
Squire, L. R., Zola-Morgan, S., & Chen, K. S. (1988) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.102.2.210 · Cited by 274
Self-citationImplicit and explicit knowledge bases in artificial grammar learning.
Dienes, Z., Broadbent, D., & Berry, D. C. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.5.875 · Cited by 272
Zola-Morgan, S., Squire, L., & Amaral, D. (1989) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-03-00898.1989 · Cited by 268
Self-citationLong-lasting perceptual priming and semantic learning in amnesia: A case experiment.
Tulving, E., Hayman, C. A., & Macdonald, C. A. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.4.595 · Cited by 262
Dissociations Between Skill Learning and Verbal Recognition in Amnesia and Dementia
Martone, M., Butters, N., Payne, M., Becker, J. T., & Sax, D. S. (1984) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1984.04050200071020 · Cited by 261
Cue interaction in human contingency judgment
Chapman, G. B., & Robbins, S. J. (1990) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198486 · Cited by 257
Evidence for a dissociation between perceptual and conceptual priming in Alzheimer's disease.
Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D., Fennema, A. C., & Growdon, J. H. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.105.2.326 · Cited by 257
Comparisons between forms of amnesia: Some deficits are unique to Korsakoff's syndrome.
Squire, L. R. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.8.6.560 · Cited by 257
Self-citationThe Development of Hippocampal Function: Implications for Theory and for Therapy
Douglas, R. J. (1975) · The Hippocampus · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2979-4_11 · Cited by 253
Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & McLachlan, D. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.4.331 · Cited by 252
Abstract analogies and abstracted grammars: Comments on Reber (1989) and Mathews et al. (1989).
Brooks, L. R., & Vokey, J. R. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.120.3.316 · Cited by 250
One thing follows another: Effects of temporal structure on 1- to 2-year-olds' recall of events.
Bauer, P. J., & Mandler, J. M. (1989) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.2.197 · Cited by 243
Processing information about covariations that cannot be articulated.
Lewicki, P. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.1.135 · Cited by 242
The perceptual priming phenomenon in amnesia
Cermak, L. S., Talbot, N., Chandler, K., & Wolbarst, L. R. (1985) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90063-6 · Cited by 237
Immediate and Deferred Imitation in Fourteen- and Twenty-Four-Month-Old Infants
Meltzoff, A. N. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1985.tb00086.x · Cited by 233
On the development of declarative memory.
McKee, R. D., & Squire, L. R. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.19.2.397 · Cited by 233
Self-citationIntact verbal and nonverbal short‐term memory following damage to the human hippocampus
Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450020207 · Cited by 231
Self-citationPriming and recognition of transformed three-dimensional objects: Effects of size and reflection.
Cooper, L. A., Schacter, D. L., Ballesteros, S., & Moore, C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.1.43 · Cited by 230
A Verbal Long Term Memory Deficit in Frontal Lobe Damaged Patients
Jetter, W., Poser, U., Freeman, R. B., & Markowitsch, H. J. (1986) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(86)80047-8 · Cited by 227
Human Learning and Memory: Connections and Dissociations
Hintzman, D. L. (1990) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.000545 · Cited by 221
MEMORY FOR REMOTE EVENTS IN AMNESIC PATIENTS
Sanders, H. I., & Warrington, E. K. (1971) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/94.4.661 · Cited by 215
On learning complex procedural knowledge.
Stadler, M. A. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1061 · Cited by 214
Infants, Amnesics, and Dissociable Memory Systems
Schacter, D. L., & Moscovitch, M. (1984) · Infant Memory · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9364-5_8 · Cited by 213
Preserved learning in monkeys with medial temporal lesions: sparing of motor and cognitive skills
Zola-Morgan, S. M., & Squire, L. (1984) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.04-04-01072.1984 · Cited by 208
Self-citationPaller, K. A. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.6.1021 · Cited by 206
What Is the Role of Frontal Lobe Damage in Memory Disorders?
Shimamura, A. P., Janowsky, & Squire, L. R. (1991) · Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195062847.003.0009 · Cited by 205
Self-citationHippocampectomy disrupts acquisition and retention of learned conditional responding.
Ross, R. T., Orr, W. B., Holland, P. C., & Berger, T. W. (1984) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.98.2.211 · Cited by 204
The neural basis of basic associative learning of discrete behavioral responses
Thompson, R. F. (1988) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(88)90141-5 · Cited by 203
Level-of-processing effects in conceptually driven implicit tasks.
Hamann, S. B. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.6.970 · Cited by 201
Combining exemplar-based category representations and connectionist learning rules.
Nosofsky, R. M., Kruschke, J. K., & McKinley, S. C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.211 · Cited by 201
Intact and long-lasting repetition priming in amnesia.
Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.3.509 · Cited by 200
Self-citationTwo forms of human amnesia: an analysis of forgetting
Squire, L. (1981) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.01-06-00635.1981 · Cited by 198
Self-citationForgetting in primed fragment completion.
Sloman, S. A., Hayman, C. A. G., Ohta, N., Law, J., & Tulving, E. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.2.223 · Cited by 198
The frontal cortex and memory for temporal order
McAndrews, M. P., & Milner, B. A. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90051-9 · Cited by 195
Normal and Abnormal Forgetting in Organic Amnesia: Effect of Locus of Lesion
Huppert, F. A., & Piercy, M. (1979) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(79)80065-9 · Cited by 188
Malamut, B. L., Saunders, R. C., & Mishkin, M. (1984) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.98.5.759 · Cited by 187
Can recognotion of living things be selectively impaired?
Farah, M. J., McMullen, P. A., & Meyer, M. M. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90020-9 · Cited by 187
An early and a late developing system for learning and retention in infant monkeys
Bachevalier, J., & Mishkin, M. (1984) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.98.5.770 · Cited by 184
Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. M. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-213460-9.50012-5 · Cited by 182
Self-citationPriming of Old and New Knowledge in Amnesic Patients and Normal Subjectsa
SCHACTER, D. L. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37578.x · Cited by 181
The hippocampus and conditioning to contextual cues.
Winocur, G., Rawlins, J. N., & Gray, J. A. (1987) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.101.5.617 · Cited by 181
Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia.
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.4.721 · Cited by 180
Self-citationImplicit learning of new verbal associations.
Hartman, M., Knopman, D. S., & Nissen, M. J. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1070 · Cited by 179
Retrograde amnesia and remote memory impairment
Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1981) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(81)90064-6 · Cited by 178
Self-citationContribution of perceptual fluency to recognition judgments.
Johnston, W. A., Hawley, K. J., & Elliott, J. M. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.2.210 · Cited by 178
Categorization by a connectionist network.
Shanks, D. R. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.433 · Cited by 177
Strength and duration of priming effects in normal subjects and amnesic patients
Squire, L. R., Shimamura, A. P., & Graft, P. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90131-x · Cited by 172
Self-citationImplicit and explicit memory for visual patterns.
Musen, G., & Treisman, A. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.1.127 · Cited by 164
Self-citationCategorization by a connectionist network.
Shanks, D. R. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.3.433 · Cited by 159
Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Milberg, W., Keane, M. M., & Corkin, S. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90069-z · Cited by 153
Squire, L., Haist, F., & Shimamura, A. P. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-03-00828.1989 · Cited by 150
Self-citationInfantile Amnesia: A Neurobiological Perspective
Nadel, L., & Zola-Morgan, S. M. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9364-5_7 · Cited by 150
Korsakoff's syndrome: radiological (CT) findings and neuropsychological correlates
Shimamura, A. P., Jernigan, T., & Squire, L. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-11-04400.1988 · Cited by 146
Self-citationRecognition and recall in amnesics.
Hirst, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Kim, J. K., Phelps, E. A., Risse, G. L., & Volpe, B. T. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.445 · Cited by 146
Retrograde amnesia following unilateral temporal lobectomy
Barr, W., Goldberg, E., Wasserstein, J., & Novelly, R. A. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90018-j · Cited by 145
More on recognition and recall in amnesics.
Hirst, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Phelps, E. A., & Volpe, B. T. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.4.758 · Cited by 145
Cognitive skill learning in amnesia
Squire, L. R., & Frambach, M. (1990) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03327224 · Cited by 142
Self-citationEquivalent impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory following damage to the human hippocampus
Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1991) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450010323 · Cited by 140
Self-citationThe time course of repetition effects for words and unfamiliar faces.
Bentin, S., & Moscovitch, M. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.117.2.148 · Cited by 136
The role of visual and semantic codes in object naming
Bartram, D. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90016-4 · Cited by 134
Two types of posthypnotic amnesia: recall amnesia and source amnesia
Evans, F. J., & Thorn, W. A. F. (1966) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207146608412959 · Cited by 133
Contingent dissociation between recognition and fragment completion: The method of triangulation.
Hayman, C. A. G., & Tulving, E. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.2.228 · Cited by 132
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Klimesch, W. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00056-3 · Cited by 6,889
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002149 · Cited by 6,887
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Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal–anterior thalamic axis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B., & Musen, G.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1993-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 453-495
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2150750597
- Cited by
- 1,123
- References
- 261
- FWCI
- 19.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.