The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Was it Worth the Effort? The Outcomes and Consequences of Social Movements
Open accessAbstract
Research on social movements has usually addressed issues of movement emergence and mobilization, yet has paid less attention to their outcomes and consequences. Although there exists a considerable amount of work on this aspect, little systematic research has been done so far. Most existing work focuses on political and policy outcomes of movements, whereas few studies address their broader cultural and institutional effects. Furthermore, we still know little about the indirect and unintended consequences produced by movements. Early studies have dealt with the effectiveness of disruptive and violent actions and with the role of several organizational variables for movement success. More recently, scholars have begun to analyze movement outcomes in their political context by looking at the role of public opinion, allies, and state structures. A comparative perspective promises to be a fruitful avenue of research in this regard.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Political opportunity structures and political protest: anti-nuclear movements in four democracies
Kitschelt, H. P. (1986) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000712340000380x · Cited by 2,563
Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age
Melucci, A. (1996) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511520891 · Cited by 1,976
Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency
McAdam, D. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095322 · Cited by 1,016 · cited 1×
“Several authors have argued that, contrary to the pluralist claim that moderation in politics is more effective than disruption, the use of force by social movements increases the chances that they reach their goals (Astin et al 1975, McAdam 1983, Tarrow 1994, Tilly et al 1975).”
Background
Cited by
Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611 · Cited by 9,953
Firm responses to secondary stakeholder action
Eesley, C., & Lenox, M. J. (2006) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.536 · Cited by 772
Cress, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (2000) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210399 · Cited by 722
Institutional Sources of Practice Variation: Staffing College and University Recycling Programs
Lounsbury, M. (2001) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667124 · Cited by 699
Boundary Organizations: Enabling Collaboration among Unexpected Allies
O'Mahony, S., & Bechky, B. A. (2008) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.53.3.422 · Cited by 626
Metadata
- Authors
- Giugni, M. G.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Sociology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 371-393
- ISSN
- 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2115
- OpenAlex
- W2135027744
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Was it Worth the Effort? The Outcomes and Consequences of Social Movements. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.371
- The paper
- Giugni, M. G. (1998). Was it Worth the Effort? The Outcomes and Consequences of Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.371
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
