The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sons, Daughters, and Family Processes: Does Gender of Children Matter?
Abstract
In the United States, parents prefer a child of each gender, and on many dimensions parents tend to treat sons and daughters similarly. However, fathers' investments appear to be somewhat higher in families with sons. Fathers spend more time with sons than with daughters. Fathers more often marry and stay married and mothers report more marital happiness in families with sons—although associations are weakening and differentials are not large. Divorced fathers more often have custody of sons than of daughters. Daughters do more housework than sons, mirroring the gendered division of labor in adulthood. Parental support of educational activities varies, with some parental behaviors greater for sons but others higher for daughters. Whether parents encourage gender differences or whether children's gender-differentiated behaviors elicit differential parental treatment cannot be easily determined with studies to date, most of which are cross-sectional or limited in other ways that hamper conclusions about causal mechanisms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Becker, G. S. (1991) · doi:10.4159/9780674020665 · Cited by 10,565
WEST, C., & ZIMMERMAN, D. H. (1987) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002 · Cited by 8,954
The psychology of sex differences
(1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80031-1 · Cited by 5,488
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240106600203 · Cited by 2,279
Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor
Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robinson, J. P. (2000) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/79.1.191 · Cited by 2,047
Self-citationParents' differential socialization of boys and girls: a meta-analysis
Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.267 · Cited by 1,210
Changing rhythms of American family life
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-6528 · Cited by 1,056
How American Children Spend Their Time
Hofferth, S. L., & Sandberg, J. F. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00295.x · Cited by 995
Are Parents Investing Less in Children? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Time with Children
Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/386270 · Cited by 987
Self-citationThe Economics of Women, Men, and Work.
Spitze, G., Blau, F. D., & Ferber, M. A. (1987) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2070285 · Cited by 981
Cited by
The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study.
Doss, B. D., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013969 · Cited by 656
“…functioning is also mixed: Some studies have shown that having a female child places couples at higher risk for relationship problems after birth (e.g., Cox, Paley, Burchinal, & Payne, 1999; Raley & Bianchi, 2006), whereas other studies have found no effect of child gender (e.g., Kurdek, 1993).”
Parenthood and Happiness: a Review of Folk Theories Versus Empirical Evidence
Hansen, T. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9865-y · Cited by 414
Rethinking stress in parents of preterm infants: a meta-analysis
Schappin, R., Wijnroks, L., Uniken Venema, M. M. A. T., & Jongmans, M. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054992 · Cited by 230
From partnership to parenthood: A review of marital change across the transition to parenthood
Kluwer, E. S. (2010) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00045.x · Cited by 195
Cassinat, J. R., Whiteman, S. D., Serang, S., Dotterer, A. M., Mustillo, S. A., Maggs, J. L., & Kelly, B. C. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001217 · Cited by 146
Metadata
- Authors
- Raley, S., & Bianchi, S.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Sociology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2006-08-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 401-421
- ISSN
- 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2115
- OpenAlex
- W2132679951
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 82
- FWCI
- 15.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Sons, Daughters, and Family Processes: Does Gender of Children Matter? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123106
- The paper
- Raley, S., & Bianchi, S. (2006). Sons, Daughters, and Family Processes: Does Gender of Children Matter? Annual Review of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123106
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.