Soccer Heading Is Associated with White Matter Microstructural and Cognitive Abnormalities
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PURPOSE: To investigate the association of soccer heading with subclinical evidence of traumatic brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With institutional review board approval and compliance with HIPAA guidelines, 37 amateur soccer players (mean age, 30.9 years; 78% [29] men, 22% [eight] women) gave written informed consent and completed a questionnaire to quantify heading in the prior 12 months and lifetime concussions. Diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 3.0 T was performed (32 directions; b value, 800 sec/mm(2); 2 × 2 × 2-mm voxels). Cognitive function was measured by using a computerized battery of tests. Voxelwise linear regression (heading vs fractional anisotropy [FA]) was applied to identify significant regional associations. FA at each location and cognition were tested for a nonlinear relationship to heading by using an inverse logit model that incorporated demographic covariates and history of concussion. RESULTS: Participants had headed 32-5400 times (median, 432 times) over the previous year. Heading was associated with lower FA at three locations in temporo-occipital white matter with a threshold that varied according to location (885-1550 headings per year) (P < .00001). Lower levels of FA were also associated with poorer memory scores (P < .00001), with a threshold of 1800 headings per year. Lifetime concussion history and demographic features were not significantly associated with either FA or cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: Heading is associated with abnormal white matter microstructure and with poorer neurocognitive performance. This relationship is not explained by a history of concussion.
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Soccer players who head the ball more than 1,800 times per year were found to have microstructural abnormalities in the temporo-occipital white matter on DTI that correlated with poorer memory scores.
“Recently, soccer players who head the ball more than 1,800 times per year were found to have microstructural abnormalities in the temporo-occipital white matter on DTI that correlated with poorer memory scores [111].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [111]
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- Authors
- Lipton, M. L., Kim, N., Zimmerman, M. E., Kim, M., Stewart, W. F., Branch, C. A., & Lipton, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Sutter Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiology
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 268
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 850-857
- ISSN
- 0033-8419 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-1315
- PMC
- PMC3750422
- OpenAlex
- W2170100452
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 17.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Radiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Dana Foundation
- Yeshiva University
- National Institutes of Health (5k23ns051409-02, 5r01ag025119-05, K23NS05140901A1, AG03949, RO1AG025119, RO1AG12101, PO1 AG03949, PO1AG027734)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
- National Institute on Aging (R01-AG025119, R01AG022374, P01AG03949, P01AG027734, P01AG003949, R01AG034119, R01AG012101, K23AG030857, R01-AG-12101)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23NS047256, R01NS082432, K23 NS47256, K23NS051409-01A1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Keywords
- soccer heading, white matter microstructure, fractional anisotropy, diffusion tensor imaging, cognitive performance, memory, amateur football players, concussion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Sensitivity and Specificity, Soccer, Wounds, Nonpenetrating, Reproducibility of Results
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