Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies: Some Improvements after 10 Years of STARD
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate how diagnostic accuracy study reports published in 2012 adhered to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) statement and whether there were any differences in reporting compared with 2000 and 2004. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed was searched for studies published in 12 high-impact-factor journals in 2012 that evaluated the accuracy of one or more diagnostic tests against a clinical reference standard. Two independent reviewers scored reporting completeness of each article with the 25-item STARD checklist. Mixed-effects modeling was used to analyze differences in reporting with previous evaluations from articles published in 2000 and 2004. RESULTS: Included were 112 articles. The overall mean number of STARD items reported in 2012 was 15.3 ± 3.9 (standard deviation; range, 6.0-23.5). There was an improvement of 3.4 items (95% confidence interval: 2.6, 4.3) compared with studies published in 2000, and an improvement of 1.7 items (95% confidence interval: 0.9, 2.5) compared with studies published in 2004. Significantly more items were reported for single-gate studies compared with multiple-gate studies (16.8 vs 12.1, respectively; P < .001) and for studies that evaluated imaging tests compared with laboratory tests and other types of tests (17.0 vs 14.0 vs 14.5, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Completeness of reporting improved in the 10 years after the launch of STARD, but it remains suboptimal for many articles. Reporting of inclusion criteria and sampling methods for recruiting patients, information about blinding, and confidence intervals for accuracy estimates are in need of further improvement.
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Since publication of STARD, several evaluations have pointed to small but statistically significant improvements in reporting accuracy studies, with a mean gain of 1.4 items (95% CI 0.7 to 2.2).
“Since the publication of STARD, several evaluations have pointed to small but statistically significant improvements in reporting accuracy studies (mean gain 1.4 items (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 2.2)).5 10”
From STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
A growing number of evaluations have identified deficiencies in the reporting of test accuracy studies.
“A growing number of evaluations have identified deficiencies in the reporting of test accuracy studies.5”
From STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
Evidence suggests that adherence to STARD improves the reporting of key information in diagnostic test accuracy studies.
“Evidence suggests that adherence to STARD improves the reporting of key information in diagnostic test accuracy studies 17,18 .”
From The STARD-AI reporting guideline for diagnostic accuracy studies using artificial intelligence (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Adherence to the STARD checklist leads to improved reporting of key study parameters.
“studies have shown that adherence to the STARD checklist leads to improved reporting of key study parameters.7 8”
From Developing a reporting guideline for artificial intelligence-centred diagnostic test accuracy studies: the STARD-AI protocol (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Korevaar, D. A., Wang, J., van Enst, W. A., Leeflang, M. M., Hooft, L., Smidt, N., & Bossuyt, P. M. M.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Radiology
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 274
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 781-789
- ISSN
- 0033-8419 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2128081270
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 13.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Radiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- diagnostic accuracy, reporting quality, reporting completeness, reporting guidelines adherence, imaging tests, laboratory testing, blinding, confidence intervals, inclusion criteria
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Humans, Predictive Value of Tests, Publishing, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Likelihood Functions, Odds Ratio
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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