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Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade
Open accessAbstract
In this study, the calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries is investigated at different temperatures for 16 states of charge (SoCs) from 0 to 100%. Three types of 18650 lithium-ion cells, containing different cathode materials, have been examined. Our study demonstrates that calendar aging does not increase steadily with the SoC. Instead, plateau regions, covering SoC intervals of more than 20%–30% of the cell capacity, are observed wherein the capacity fade is similar. Differential voltage analyses confirm that the capacity fade is mainly caused by a shift in the electrode balancing. Furthermore, our study reveals the high impact of the graphite electrode on calendar aging. Lower anode potentials, which aggravate electrolyte reduction and thus promote solid electrolyte interphase growth, have been identified as the main driver of capacity fade during storage. In the high SoC regime where the graphite anode is lithiated more than 50%, the low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium, which in turn distorts the electrode balancing. Aging mechanisms induced by high cell potential, such as electrolyte oxidation or transition-metal dissolution, seem to play only a minor role. To maximize battery life, high storage SoCs corresponding to low anode potential should be avoided.
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“Through the progression of each peak in IC/DV curves throughout ageing, and observing the change of the active materials over time, degradation mechanism can be distinguished [52].”
From Data-driven health estimation and lifetime prediction of lithium-ion batteries: A review (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Keil, P., Schuster, S. F., Wilhelm, J., Travi, J., Hauser, A., Karl, R. C., & Jossen, A.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- TUM CREATE (SG)
- Venue
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Publisher
- The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- A1872-A1880
- ISSN
- 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7111
- OpenAlex
- W2464273419
- Cited by
- 669
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 1
- Type
- paratext
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Keywords
- calendar aging, lithium-ion batteries, storage temperature, state of charge, capacity fade, 18650 cells, cathode materials, graphite anode, solid electrolyte interphase, electrolyte reduction, anode potential, electrolyte oxidation, transition metal dissolution, battery energy storage
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