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The Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence: Implications for Treatment
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Opioid tolerance, dependence, and addiction are all manifestations of brain changes resulting from chronic opioid abuse. The opioid abuser's struggle for recovery is in great part a struggle to overcome the effects of these changes. Medications such as methadone, LAAM, buprenorphine, and naltrexone act on the same brain structures and processes as addictive opioids, but with protective or normalizing effects. Despite the effectiveness of medications, they must be used in conjunction with appropriate psychosocial treatments.
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“A key component of OUD is the development of long-lasting drug craving (3–5), whether in the context of prescribed opioids, such as for analgesic purposes, or illicitly acquired heroin.”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kosten, T., & George, T.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kosten, Thomas
- Venue
- Science & Practice Perspectives
- Publisher
- NIDA/RTI International
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-20
- ISSN
- 1930-4307 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-4315
- PMC
- PMC2851054
- OpenAlex
- W1997980357
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science & Practice Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA-1-4039, P50 DA12762, K05‐DA00454, R01-DA-1-3672, K12 DA00167)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, opioid tolerance, neurobiology of addiction, methadone maintenance treatment, LAAM, buprenorphine, naltrexone, opioid antagonists, psychosocial interventions, addiction treatment
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Opioid, Brain, Humans, Models, Neurological, Narcotic Antagonists, Opioid-Related Disorders, Receptors, Opioid, Behavior, Addictive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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