The human sympathochromaffin system
Abstract
Hypoglycemia stimulates adrenomedullary epinephrine secretion; standing stimulates sympathetic neural norepinephrine release. In five bilaterally adrenalectomized persons plasma epinephrine, measured with a sensitive single-isotope derivative assay, rose from 15 +/- 2 to 35 +/- 7 pg/ml (P less than 0.02) during hypoglycemia but did not increase during standing. In contrast, plasma norepinephrine rose during standing but not during hypoglycemia. Thus, in humans 1) extra-adrenal epinephrine secretion is regulated and derived from innervated cells other than sympathetic postganglionic neurons; 2) because the plasma levels of epinephrine in adrenalectomized individuals even in response to the potent stimulus of hypoglycemia are below physiological thresholds, any biological actions of extra-adrenal epinephrine in adults must be paracrine rather than endocrine in nature; 3) hypoglycemia does not appear to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. In view of these findings, we propose that extra-CNS catecholamine-producing tissues be termed the sympathochromaffin system consisting of two components: 1) the sympathetic nervous system that releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from its postganglionic neurons, and 2) the chromaffin tissues, including the adrenal medullae, that contain cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine. The plasma epinephrine concentration is a valid measure of its chromaffin tissue (predominantly adrenomedullary) secretion, whereas the…
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A substantial proportion, if not all, of the plasma norepinephrine response to hypoglycemia is derived from the adrenal medullae.
“A substantial proportion, if not all, of the plasma norepinephrine response to hypoglycemia is derived from the adrenal medullae (28).”
From Glycemic thresholds for activation of glucose counterregulatory systems are higher than the threshold for symptoms. (1987) · cites this paper as [28]
Cites
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Self-citationFolkow, B., Di Bona, G. F., Hjemdahl, P., Torén, P. H., & Wallin, B. G. (1983) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.5.4.399 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Popp, D. A., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110455 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationTse, T. F., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110967 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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Dagogo-Jack, S. E., Craft, S., & Cryer, P. E. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116302 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwartz, N. S., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112884 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldstein, D. S. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-010-9606-9 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Fanelli, C., Pampanelli, S., Epifano, L., Rambotti, A. M., Ciofetta, M., Modarelli, F., Di Vincenzo, A., Annibale, B., Lepore, M., Lalli, C., et al. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00404337 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Miura, S., Kawanaka, K., Kai, Y., Tamura, M., Goto, M., Shiuchi, T., Minokoshi, Y., & Ezaki, O. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-1646 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
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Messonnier, L. A., Emhoff, C.-A. W., Fattor, J. A., Horning, M. A., Carlson, T. J., & Brooks, G. A. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00043.2013 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Plasma catecholamines—analytical challenges and physiological limitations
Hjemdahl, P. (1993) · Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80179-x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
DeRosa, M. A., & Cryer, P. E. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00539.2003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of adrenaline on glucose kinetics during exercise in adrenalectomised humans
Howlett, K., Galbo, H., Lorentsen, J., Bergeron, R., Zimmerman‐Belsing, T., Bülow, J., Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., & Kjær, M. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0911n.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Prevention and Correction of Hypoglycemia
Cryer, P. E. (2001) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070235 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Shah, S. D., Tse, T. F., Clutter, W. E., & Cryer, P. E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1984-09-01
- Volume
- 247
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- E380-E384
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2345724019
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2015: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- plasma epinephrine, plasma norepinephrine, hypoglycemia, chromaffin cells, sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic neurons, adrenalectomy, standing
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Medulla, Adrenalectomy, Chromaffin System, Cushing Syndrome, Epinephrine, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Neurons, Norepinephrine, Posture, Sympathetic Nervous System
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