Adrenal responses to stress
Open accessAbstract
Based on concepts proposed by Langley, Cannon, and Selye, adrenal responses to stress occur in a syndrome that reflects activation of the sympathoadrenal system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis; and a "stress syndrome" maintains homeostasis in emergencies such as "fight or flight" situations, but if the stress response is excessive or prolonged then any of a variety of clinical disorders can arise. The idea of a unitary sympathoadrenal system does not account for evidence that different stressors elicit different patterns of autonomic responses, with exposure to some stressors differentially affecting sympathetic noradrenergic and adrenomedullary hormonal activities. Instead, adrenomedullary responses to stressors are more closely tied to adrenocortical than to sympathetic noradrenergic responses. Distress involves concurrent activation of the HPA and adrenomedullary neuroendocrine systems.
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- Authors
- Goldstein, D. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldstein, David S.
- ORCID
- Goldstein, David S.
- Venue
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1433-1440
- ISSN
- 0272-4340 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6830
- PMC
- PMC3056281
- OpenAlex
- W2004604151
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Z01NS003033, ZIANS003033)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- adrenal stress response, sympathoadrenal system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress syndrome, fight or flight, homeostasis, adrenal cortex hormones, stress disorders, neuroendocrine system
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Stress, Physiological, Feedback, Physiological, Allostasis
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