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Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men
Abstract
Seven healthy men were studied in a 34-h constant routine protocol to investigate whether the daily rhythm of heat production and heat loss has an endogenous circadian component. Under these unmasking conditions (constant bed rest, no sleep allowed, regular food and fluid intake), a significant circadian rhythm could be demonstrated for heat production, heart rate, and skin temperatures but not for the respiratory quotient. Heat production and heart rate were phase locked with a maximum at 1100-1200 h. Proximal skin temperatures (infraclavicular region, thigh, and forehead) followed the same circadian rhythm as rectal temperature, whereas distal skin temperatures (hands and feet) were opposite in phase. These physiological circadian rhythm parameters, as well as biochemical parameters (urinary sodium, potassium, urea, and urine flow), were phase advanced by 25-180 min with respect to the circadian rhythm in rectal temperature. Our findings under unmasking conditions show that the circadian variation in rectal temperature is a consequence of endogenous circadian rhythms in both heat production and heat loss.
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“The daily rhythm in core body and skin temperatures is due to the circadian variation in heat production and heat loss and, in particular, the nocturnal increase in heat loss from the extremities, which leads to an increase in distal skin temperatures [1,4,50].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Both heat production and heat loss contribute to the circadian variation in heat content, leading to a circadian rhythm in core body temperature [22].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
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“In humans, there is a circadian rhythm of heat loss from the distal limbs, with rhythms of skin temperature and blood flow in these regions (Smolander et al., 1993; Krauchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994).”
BackgroundCardiac autonomic activity during simulated shift work
Skornyakov, E., Gaddameedhi, S., Paech, G. M., Sparrow, A. R., Satterfield, B. C., Shattuck, N. L., Layton, M. E., Karatsoreos, I. N., & Dongen, H. P. A. V. (2018) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2018-0044 · Cited by 32
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“The neuroanatomical interconnection between SCN (the master clock responsible for body temperature circadian rhythmicity) (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994) and the VLPO of the anterior hypothalamus as well as several other brain structures participating in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness are well documented (Van…”
BackgroundInfluentialEstimation of Circadian Body Temperature Rhythm Based on Heart Rate in Healthy, Ambulatory Subjects
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“Body temperature drops most during the early morning, reaching its minimum at about 5:00 am (6), which suggests that this factor may affect crew member performance, due to the low level of physical and cognitive aspects during this period.”
BackgroundCold-induced vasoconstriction at forearm and hand skin sites: the effect of age
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“Various studies underscore the importance of glabrous skin areas (Gilbert et al. 1999; Grahn and Craig Heller 2004; Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994).”
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“For theoretical reasons (5) and because of similarities to our earlier study (41), we combined Tha and Tfo to provide an average for the distal skin temperature, and Tfh, Tst, Tic, and Tth for the average proximal skin temperature (Tprox).”
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BackgroundPhysiological costs of undocumented human migration across the southern United States border
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MethodSkin temperature of the shoulder: Circadian rhythms in normal and pathologic shoulders
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“Furthermore, the significant increase in LF, LF:HF and SDNN in the REM1 and REM2 coincides with previously reported increases in heat production in adult males (41) and REM sleep has been associated with increased vasoconstriction (41).”
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“Both in controlled laboratory settings (Kräuchi & Wirz-Justice, 1994) and in everyday life (Van Someren, 2006), the most pronounced fluctuation in skin temperature is a rhythm of 24- hour.”
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MethodSelf-citationFeature Extraction and Evaluation for Driver Drowsiness Detection Based on Thermoregulation
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“Alternatively, an increased sensitivity and accuracy is observed when we only consider the information of window 6 for T nose .”
BackgroundCircadian rhythm of rectal temperature in humans under different ambient temperature cycles
Wakamura, T., & Tokura, H. (2002) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4565(02)00014-1 · Cited by 24
Kang, J., Ratamess, N. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., Bush, J. A., Finnerty, C., DiFiore, M., Garcia, A., & Beller, N. A. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004497 · Cited by 23
“Our findings are consistent with those reported by studies that used a constant routine or forced desynchrony protocol (51,71,80,86).”
ResultLemmer, B. (2012) · ChronoPhysiology and Therapy · doi:10.2147/cpt.s21861 · Cited by 23
van Goor, H. M. R., van Loon, K., Breteler, M. J. M., Kalkman, C. J., & Kaasjager, K. A. H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268065 · Cited by 26
He, L., Liu, X., & Zhang, J. J. (2018) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.035 · Cited by 24
Chokroverty, S. (1994) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-9002-7.50010-0 · Cited by 23
Molčan, Ľ., Veselá, A., & Zeman, M. (2014) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932653 · Cited by 23
Piccione, G., Giannetto, C., Fazio, F., et al. (2011) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2010.526425 · Cited by 22
“In humans, there is circadian rhythm of heat loss from the distal limbs, with rhythms of skin temperature and blood low in these regions showing peaks in the late evening and minima in the morning (Smolander et al. 1993; Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994).”
BackgroundOlbrich, D., & Dittmar, M. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.599904 · Cited by 22
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS): Circadian temperature variation
Saiyed, R., Rand, C. M., Carroll, M. S., Koliboski, C. M., Stewart, T. M., Brogadir, C. D., Kenny, A. S., Petersen, E. K. E., Carley, D. W., & Weese‐Mayer, D. E. (2015) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.23236 · Cited by 22
Bayesian Model Search for Nonstationary Periodic Time Series
Hadj-Amar, B., Finkenstädt, B., Fiecas, M. J. A., Lévi, F., & Huckstepp, R. T. R. (2019) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2019.1623043 · Cited by 20
“The circadian rhythms in core and skin surface temperature are usually 8-12 hours out of phase, with respective maxima occurring near 16:00 at day time, and near 2:00 at night (Krauchi & Wirz-Justice 1994).”
BackgroundJang, T.-W., Kim, H., Kang, S.-H., Choo, S.-H., Lee, I.-S., & Choi, K.-H. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101109 · Cited by 21
“This also affects the core body temperature, which is lowest at dawn and highest in the late afternoon [9].”
BackgroundBlessing, E., Parekh, A., Betensky, R. A., Babb, J. S., Saba, N., Debure, L., Varga, A. W., Ayappa, I. A., Rapoport, D. M., Butler, T., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105748 · Cited by 22
Circadian rhythm of peripheral perfusion during 10-day hypoxic confinement and bed rest
McDonnell, A. C., Eiken, O., Mekjavič, P. J., & Mekjavić, I. B. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2923-9 · Cited by 21
“…commences prior to the onset of sleep (campbell and Broughton 1994; Murphy and campbell 1997) and is preceded by the nocturnal elevation in Hl (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994). the elevated Hl causes an increase in the peripheral tsk, which provides thermal afferent information converging on…”
BackgroundAssessing circadian rhythms in propofol PK and PD during prolonged infusion in ICU patients
Bienert, A., Kusza, K., Wawrzyniak, K., Grześkowiak, E., Kokot, Z. J., Matysiak, J., Grabowski, T., Wolc, A., Wiczling, P., & Regulski, M. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-010-9161-5 · Cited by 23
“and a nightly fall by about 10% is observed [35, 37].”
BackgroundTaylor, L. K., Thornton, H. R., Lumley, N., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1527949 · Cited by 21
Yokoi, M., Aoki, K., Shiomura, Y., Iwanaga, K., & Katsuura, T. (2003) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.22.257 · Cited by 21
Daily rhythms of rectal temperature and total locomotor activity in trained and untrained horses
Piccione, G. G., Giannetto, C., Marafioti, S., Casella, S., Fazio, F., & CAOLA, G. (2011) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2010.11.003 · Cited by 21
“Studies of human subjects who are in constant bed rest (Marotte and Timbal, 1981; Krauchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994; Monk et al., 1996; Carrier and Monk, 1997; Murray et al., 2002) and correlation studies in animals (Bolles et al.”
BackgroundCore body temperature changes before sleep are associated with nocturnal heart rate variability
Bigalke, J. A., Cleveland, E. L., Barkstrom, E., Gonzalez, J. E., & Carter, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00020.2023 · Cited by 22
Gombert, M., Alzueta, E., Perez-Amparan, E., Yüksel, D., Kiss, O., de Zambotti, M., Simon, K. C. N. S., Zhang, J., Shuster, A. E., Morehouse, A. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304241247893 · Cited by 25
“Every day, the basal metabolism, hormones, muscles activity, and digestive system are typically active during daytime, with the peak of heat production around 1100 h-1200 h, and the core temperature increases through the day to reach a maximum around dusk (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994).”
Living Without Temporal Cues: A Case Study
Bonmatí‐Carrión, M., Revell, V. L., Cook, T. J., Welch, T. R. E., Rol, M. A., Skene, D. J., & Madrid, J. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00011 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Krauchi, K., & Wirz-Justice, A.
- Affiliations
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel,Switzerland.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1994-09-01
- Volume
- 267
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- R819-R829
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W1883140844
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, thermogenesis, heat loss, heart rate, skin temperature, core body temperature, rectal temperature, constant routine, phase locking, phase advance, urinary sodium, urinary potassium, urea, urine flow, respiratory quotient, endogenous circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Calorimetry, Indirect, Circadian Rhythm, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Skin Temperature, Urine
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