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Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men
Abstract
Seven healthy men were studied in a 34-h constant routine protocol to investigate whether the daily rhythm of heat production and heat loss has an endogenous circadian component. Under these unmasking conditions (constant bed rest, no sleep allowed, regular food and fluid intake), a significant circadian rhythm could be demonstrated for heat production, heart rate, and skin temperatures but not for the respiratory quotient. Heat production and heart rate were phase locked with a maximum at 1100-1200 h. Proximal skin temperatures (infraclavicular region, thigh, and forehead) followed the same circadian rhythm as rectal temperature, whereas distal skin temperatures (hands and feet) were opposite in phase. These physiological circadian rhythm parameters, as well as biochemical parameters (urinary sodium, potassium, urea, and urine flow), were phase advanced by 25-180 min with respect to the circadian rhythm in rectal temperature. Our findings under unmasking conditions show that the circadian variation in rectal temperature is a consequence of endogenous circadian rhythms in both heat production and heat loss.
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“The daily rhythm in core body and skin temperatures is due to the circadian variation in heat production and heat loss and, in particular, the nocturnal increase in heat loss from the extremities, which leads to an increase in distal skin temperatures [1,4,50].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Both heat production and heat loss contribute to the circadian variation in heat content, leading to a circadian rhythm in core body temperature [22].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Krauchi, K., & Wirz-Justice, A.
- Affiliations
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel,Switzerland.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1994-09-01
- Volume
- 267
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- R819-R829
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W1883140844
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, thermogenesis, heat loss, heart rate, skin temperature, core body temperature, rectal temperature, constant routine, phase locking, phase advance, urinary sodium, urinary potassium, urea, urine flow, respiratory quotient, endogenous circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Calorimetry, Indirect, Circadian Rhythm, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Skin Temperature, Urine
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