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Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men
Abstract
Seven healthy men were studied in a 34-h constant routine protocol to investigate whether the daily rhythm of heat production and heat loss has an endogenous circadian component. Under these unmasking conditions (constant bed rest, no sleep allowed, regular food and fluid intake), a significant circadian rhythm could be demonstrated for heat production, heart rate, and skin temperatures but not for the respiratory quotient. Heat production and heart rate were phase locked with a maximum at 1100-1200 h. Proximal skin temperatures (infraclavicular region, thigh, and forehead) followed the same circadian rhythm as rectal temperature, whereas distal skin temperatures (hands and feet) were opposite in phase. These physiological circadian rhythm parameters, as well as biochemical parameters (urinary sodium, potassium, urea, and urine flow), were phase advanced by 25-180 min with respect to the circadian rhythm in rectal temperature. Our findings under unmasking conditions show that the circadian variation in rectal temperature is a consequence of endogenous circadian rhythms in both heat production and heat loss.
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“The daily rhythm in core body and skin temperatures is due to the circadian variation in heat production and heat loss and, in particular, the nocturnal increase in heat loss from the extremities, which leads to an increase in distal skin temperatures [1,4,50].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Both heat production and heat loss contribute to the circadian variation in heat content, leading to a circadian rhythm in core body temperature [22].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
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Daan, S., Honma, S., & Honma, K. (2013) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730413514357 · Cited by 20
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InfluentialAttenuated Thermoregulatory Response to Mild Thermal Challenge in Subjects With Sleep-Onset Insomnia
van den Heuvel, C. J., Ferguson, S. A., & Dawson, D. E. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.9.1174 · Cited by 20
Heat Loss, Sleepiness, and Impaired Performance after Diazepam Administration in Humans
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BackgroundResultInfluentialThermoregulation, scratch, itch and sleep deficits in children with eczema
Camfferman, D., Short, M. A., Kennedy, J. D., Gold, M., Kohler, M. J., & Lushington, K. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.011 · Cited by 20
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Thermal imaging based affective state recognition
Latif, M. H. A., Yusof, H. M., Sidek, S. N., et al. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS) · doi:10.1109/iris.2015.7451614 · Cited by 19
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BackgroundHarrison, O. K., Cotter, J. D., & Lucas, S. J. E. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12273 · Cited by 19
“…higher muscle temperatures may have facilitated both higher force generation (Bennett, 1984) and oxygen extraction at the muscle, as muscle temperature has a circadian rhythm matching that of the core (Krauchi & Wirz-Justice, 1994), which is also elevated in the afternoon (Waterhouse et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSong, Y.-G., Won, Y. H., Park, S.-H., et al. (2015) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2015.39.5.696 · Cited by 19
“It is known that there is a complex interaction among core temperature, body surface blood flow, physical conditions of the surrounding environment, skin fat and dermal thickness, internal heat conduction and convection, and body temperature circadian rhythm [2,3,24].”
BackgroundRelf, R., Willmott, A., Flint, M. S., Beale, L., & Maxwell, N. (2019) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.019 · Cited by 19
“All trials took place at the same time of day and outside of the summer months, to control for circadian rhythm (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994) and”
BackgroundCold-Induced Thermogenesis Shows a Diurnal Variation That Unfolds Differently in Males and Females
Straat, M. E., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Mishre, A. S. D. S., Verkleij, M. M. A., Kemmeren, M., Pelsma, I. C. M., Alcántara, J. M. A., Méndez-Gutiérrez, A., Kooijman, S., Boon, M. R., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac094 · Cited by 17
Time-of-day effects on motor unit firing and muscle contractile properties in humans
Hirono, T., Igawa, K., Okudaira, M., Takeda, R., Nishikawa, T., & Watanabe, K. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00368.2023 · Cited by 18
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Ekhart, D., Wicht, H., Kersken, T., Ackermann, H., Kaczmarczyk, M., Pretzsch, G., Alexander, H., & Korf, H. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1375942 · Cited by 18
“It has been known from controlled studies (Aschoff 1955; Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994) that the peak time point is more variable than that of the nadir, and we confirm this finding in our study under “real life conditions”.”
ResultCardiac autonomic activity during sleep deprivation with and without caffeine administration
Crooks, E., Hansen, D., Satterfield, B. C., Layton, M. E., & Dongen, H. P. A. V. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112643 · Cited by 20
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BackgroundMild Hypothermia Inhibits Differentiation of Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Belinsky, G. S., & Antic, S. D. (2013) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/000114065 · Cited by 18
Increased skin temperature in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with sleepiness
Møst, E. I. S., Scheltens, P., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0864-1 · Cited by 18
“It is therefore desirable to measure both areas simultaneously, as well as during the time spent in bed (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice 1994; Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996; Van Someren 2004, 2006b).”
Skin Temperature Changes in Patients With Unilateral Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
Ra, J. Y., Sun, A., Lee, G.-H., et al. (2013) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2013.37.3.355 · Cited by 18
“There are many factors influencing skin temperature, including emotional stress and depression, which can affect autonomic dysfunction [27], as well as the circadian rhythm, which results in diurnal variation of body temperature [28].”
Tai, Y., Obayashi, K., Yamagami, Y., & Saeki, K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10590 · Cited by 18
Sleep and global warming: How will we sleep when the Earth is hotter?
Buguet, A., Reis, J. J., & Radomski, M. W. (2023) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2023.120859 · Cited by 16
Gil, E. A., Aubert, X. L., Møst, E. I. S., & Beersma, D. G. M. (2013) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730413484697 · Cited by 17
“Skin temperature has been shown to possess a circadian rhythm (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994; Krauchi et al., 2000) and has also been used in a linear regression model (Kolodyazhniy et al., 2011) and a nonlinear neural network model (Kolodyazhniy et al., 2012) to estimate circadian phase.”
MethodAlotair, H., Al-shamiri, M., Bahobail, M. A., Sharif, M. M., & BaHammam, A. S. (2011) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.881851 · Cited by 18
“The measured skin temperature is continuously and linearly indicative of core activities in the body because proximal skin temperature has been shown to follow the same circadian rhythm as rectal temperature [14,15].”
BackgroundDose–response relationship between light exposure and cycling performance
Knaier, R., Meister, S., Aeschbacher, T., Gemperle, D., Rossmeissl, A., Cajochen, C., & Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12535 · Cited by 17
“Known confounding factors such as the homeostatic sleep pressure which increases with elapsed time awake (Schmidt et al., 2007) and the changes in core body temperature since MSFsc (Krauchi & Wirz-Justice, 1994) could be ruled out since MSFsc did not differ between the three tested groups.”
BackgroundEffects of antipsychotics on circadian rhythms in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Moon, E., Lavín, P., Storch, K.-F., & Mantere, O. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110162 · Cited by 21
Work-Fitness Evaluation for Shift Work Disorder
Jang, T. W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031294 · Cited by 21
“As a result, the core body temperature is lowest and distal body temperature is highest at dawn; whereas the core body temperature is highest and distal body temperature is lowest in the late afternoon [65].”
BackgroundSłomko, J., Zawadka‐Kunikowska, M., Klawe, J. J., Tafil-Klawe, M., Newton, J. L., & Zalewski, P. (2018) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933758 · Cited by 17
Dopamine and circadian rhythms in seasonal affective disorder
Partonen, T. (1996) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90079-1 · Cited by 17
Tai, Y., Obayashi, K., Yamagami, Y., & Saeki, K. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19190 · Cited by 17
Early Morning Food Intake as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Dysregulation
Stothard, E. R., Ritchie, H. K., Birks, B. R., Eckel, R. H., HIGGINS, J. A., Melanson, E. L., Wright, K. P., & McHill, A. W. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030756 · Cited by 20
Daily rhythm of body and auricle temperature in goats kept at two different ambient temperatures
Piccione, G. G., Bertolucci, C., Costa, A. S. H., Mauro, S. D., & CAOLA, G. (2005) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291010500079833 · Cited by 17
“It is generally assumed that arteriovenous anastomoses are not present in the skin of the thorax or abdomen, proximal regions with only minor thermoregulatory function (Kräuchi & Wirz-Justice 1994).”
BackgroundMora‐Rodríguez, R., ORTEGA, J. F., & Hamouti, N. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1733-y · Cited by 16
“Experiments were conducted at the same time of the day for each subject (mostly in the afternoon) to avoid a circadian variation in core temperature (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice 1994).”
MethodBlood pressure and the perception of illusive pain
Scheuren, R., Duschek, S., Schulz, A., Sütterlin, S., & Anton, F. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12658 · Cited by 15
Tsuzuki, K., Okamoto-Mizuno, K., & Mizuno, K. (2018) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings8060076 · Cited by 16
“In the previous study, unmasking conditions show that the circadian variation in Tre is a consequence of endogenous circadian rhythms in both heat production and heat loss [22].”
BackgroundResultSOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SENSITIVITY OF BODY TEMPERATURE TO ACTIVITY IN NEONATES
Waterhouse, J. M., Weinert, D., Nevill, A. M., et al. (2000) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-100101074 · Cited by 15
“…rhythm of core temperature is produced mainly by heat loss from the individual, this being achieved by controlling the cutaneous blood flow and the rate of sweating of the extremities (Aschoff and Heise 1972; Minors and Waterhouse 1981; Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994; Refinetti and Menaker 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialThermoregulatory analysis of warm footbaths before bedtime: Implications for enhancing sleep quality
Zhao, J., Wang, F., Ou, D., Zhou, B., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Deng, Q. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109788 · Cited by 15
Physiological Changes of Sleep
Chokroverty, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_11 · Cited by 15
Distal–proximal skin temperature gradient prior to sleep onset in infants for clinical use
Abe, N., & Kodama, H. (2014) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.12473 · Cited by 15
Haghayegh, S., Smolensky, M. H., Khoshnevis, S., Hermida, R. C., Castriotta, R. J., & Diller, K. R. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210008 · Cited by 16
“The opposite trend in proximal and distal skin temperatures is explained by the increased blood flow directed to the dilated AVA of the distal glabrous skin, which as a consequence results in reduced blood flow to the capillaries of the proximal nonglabrous skin (77).”
InfluentialCircadian regulation of pulmonary disease: the importance of timing
Cunningham, P. S., Jackson, C., Chakraborty, A., Cain, J., Durrington, H. J., & Blaikley, J. (2023) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20220061 · Cited by 16
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“Experimental trials were conducted at the same time of day, to account for changes due to circadian rhythms (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994).”
BackgroundAcosta, F. M., Sánchez‐Delgado, G., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Migueles, J. H., Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., Rensen, P. C. N., Elvira, J. M. L., Blondin, D. P., & Ruiz, J. R. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz177 · Cited by 15
“In adult humans, an increase in the distal skin temperature during the night (which is phased-opposed to the decrease in core temperature) [23] is associated with shortened sleep latency and increases in sleep duration and depth [24, 25].”
BackgroundCosinor Analysis for Temperature Time Series Data of Long Duration
Padhye, N. S., & HANNEMAN, S. K. G. (2007) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800407303509 · Cited by 14
“…of body temperature, such as skin temperature, are less reliable (Livingstone, Nolan, Reed, & Limmer, 1987); however, proximal skin temperature measured at the thorax, breast, and abdomen has been found to follow the same circadian rhythm as rectal temperature (Kräuchi & Wirz-Justice, 1994).”
BackgroundEffect of a 24-h continuous walking race on cardiac autonomic control
Cottin, F., SLAWINSKI, J. S., Lopes, P., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0341-3 · Cited by 14
“Kraüchi and Wirz-Justice (1994) demonstrated that the resting HR, and also core temperature, presents maximal values near midday (11:00–12:00 h), HR is remained elevated until 20:00 h and a minimal value is established during the night (4:00–5:00 h) with a low value remaining from 23:00 to 6:00 h.”
BackgroundInfluentialHrushesky, W. J. M. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59512-7_27 · Cited by 14
Melatonin and Zopiclone: The Relationship Between Sleep Propensity and Body Temperature
Holmes, A. L., Gilbert, S. S., & Dawson, D. E. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.3.301 · Cited by 15
Novel temperature‐controlled sleep system to improve sleep: a p roof‐of‐concept study
Haghayegh, S., Khoshnevis, S., Smolensky, M. H., Hermida, R. C., Castriotta, R. J., Schernhammer, E. S., & Diller, K. R. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13662 · Cited by 13
“The CBT 24-h variation results from circadian rhythms of heat generation and dissipation (Aschoff, 1983; Krauchi et al., 1994).”
BackgroundAcosta, F. M., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Blondin, D. P., Haman, F., Rensen, P. C. N., Elvira, J. M. L., Martínez-Nicolás, A., & Ruiz, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730419865400 · Cited by 13
“1 and 3; Kräuchi et al., 1999; Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994; Martinez-Nicolas et al., 2017; Sarabia et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialKeramidas, M. E., Kölegård, R., & Eiken, O. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089070 · Cited by 12
Do circadian rhythms in respiratory control contribute to sleep-related breathing disorders?
Stephenson, R. (2003) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)90002-5 · Cited by 13
Xu, X., Li, S., Yang, Y., & Lian, Z. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113748 · Cited by 12
Cardiovascular Drift during Training for Fitness in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Morales‐Palomo, F., Ramírez-Jiménez, M., ORTEGA, J. F., Pallarés, J. G., & Mora‐Rodríguez, R. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001139 · Cited by 13
Davy, J., & Göbel, M. (2013) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.751459 · Cited by 12
“As regards skin temperature (measured at the level of the forehead), Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice (1994) reported that proximal skin temperature followed the same circadian rhythm as rectal temperature, hence its inclusion in the current experimental set-up.”
BackgroundOral vitamin C enhances the adrenergic vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in human skin
Yamazaki, F. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00043.2012 · Cited by 11
State of the art on daily rhythms of physiology and behaviour in horses
Piccione, G. G., & Giannetto, C. (2011) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2010.491247 · Cited by 12
“2005b), but studies of human subjects in constant bed rest (Marotte and Timbal 1981; Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice 1994; Monk et al. 1996; Carrier and Monk 1997; Murray et al. 2002) and correlated a studies in animals (Bolles et al.”
BackgroundMorris, D. M., Pilcher, J. J., Mulvihill, J. B., & Wood, M. A. V. (2017) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.03.009 · Cited by 12
“Literature shows that core temperature and heart rate changes can be used as indices of endogenous circadian rhythms (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994; Walker et al., 2009), and could be applied to an occupational setting as a tracer of dangerous cognitive decrement.”
BackgroundVeselá, S., Kingma, B., Frijns, A. A., & Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M. (2019) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.033 · Cited by 12
Influence of common lighting conditions and time-of-day on the effort-related cardiac response
Zauner, J., Plischke, H., Stijnen, H., Schwarz, U. T., & Strasburger, H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239553 · Cited by 13
“Peculiarly, heart rate itself was not dependent on time of day, but this might be because the morning and late-afternoon sessions show similar heart-rate levels in their respective points on the circadian curve [66].”
BackgroundExercise intensity dependent relevance of protective textile properties for human thermo-physiology
Fontana, P., Saiani, F., Grütter, M., et al. (2016) · Textile Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0040517516654105 · Cited by 12
Some evidence of a time-varying thermal perception
Vellei, M., O’Brien, W., Martinez, S., & Le Dréau, J. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211034563 · Cited by 11
“hands and feet) have been observed in either controlled or field conditions.(54,55) In particular, under a normal day-oriented schedule, distal skin temperature rhythms are inverted compared to the core body temperature rhythms, and display higher amplitudes,(56) see Figure 13.”
BackgroundSong, Z., Yan, M., Zhang, S., Hu, B., Qing, X., Shao, Z., Chen, S., Lv, X., & Liu, H. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102633 · Cited by 12
Bach, V., Abbiss, C. R., Libert, J., & McCabe, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.494528 · Cited by 11
“Average proximal T is usually considered to be more reliable than its individual components as least when their rhythms are considered (9).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMora‐Rodríguez, R., Hamouti, N., Coso, J. D., & ORTEGA, J. F. (2012) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0174 · Cited by 11
“Experimental design Experiments were conducted at the same time of the day (mostly in the morning) for each subject to avoid an effect of circadian variation on the physiological variables tested (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice 1994).”
MethodNegligible heat strain in armored vehicle officers wearing personal body armor
Stewart, I. B., & Hunt, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1745-6673-6-22 · Cited by 11
“These fluctuations result from job tasks being of varied duration, time between jobs being irregular and the intermittent exposure to the outside environment; as well as the diurnal variation in core temperature [22].”
BackgroundTwenty-four-hour variation of vestibular function in young and elderly adults
Martin, T., Zouabi, A., Pasquier, F., Denise, P., Gauthier, A., & Quarck, G. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1835941 · Cited by 12
Anders, D., Gompper, B., & Kräuchi, K. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.020 · Cited by 11
“CBT is the net result of heat production (well correlated with the heart rate (HR); [3]) and heat loss (foremost due to distal skin temperature vasodilatation; [4]), and from a circadian point of view, the latter is predominant in the evening.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCardiovascular responses to orthostasis during a simulated 3-day heatwave
Fisher, J. T., Ciuha, U., Ioannou, L. G., Simpson, L. L., Possnig, C., Lawley, J. S., & Mekjavić, I. B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24216-3 · Cited by 9
Interpreting Circadian Rhythms
Weinert, D., & Waterhouse, J. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_2 · Cited by 10
Laxminarayan, S., Hornby, S., Belval, L. N., Giersch, G. E. W., Morrissey, M. C., Casa, D. J., & Jaques Reifman, A. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003093 · Cited by 10
“argued that this value is larger than the precision of temperature sensors but still small enough to allow for the detection of TC differences associated with physiological and psychological consequences (28) as well as differences associated with circadian (29) and ovulatory (30) TC rhythms of ~0.”
BackgroundShoulder surface temperature and bone scintigraphy findings in patients with rotator cuff tears
Koike, Y., Sano, H., Kinjyo, T., Imamura, I., Masahiro, O., Goto, M., Oyama, M., Kita, A., & Itoi, E. (2011) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/03009734.2010.545150 · Cited by 10
“The shoulder surface temperature in a healthy human changes over time and is influenced by daily fluctuations in core body temperature (15,16).”
Reste, J., Zvagule, T. Y., Kurjāne, N., Martinsone, Ž., Mārtiņsone, I., Seile, A., & Vanadziņš, I. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120809265 · Cited by 10
“[48,52,53].”
Saeki, K., Obayashi, K., Nishi, T., Miyata, K., Maruoka, S., Ueda, T., Okamoto, M., Hasegawa, T., Matsuura, T., Tone, N., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-514 · Cited by 10
“Wrist temperature reveals heat loss from arteriovenous anastomoses at the skin [61], and shows a mirror image of core body temperature [62] and blood pressure [63,64].”
BackgroundEffect of prism adaptation on thermoregulatory control in humans
Calzolari, E., Gallace, A., Moseley, G. L., & Vallar, G. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.036 · Cited by 10
The effects of distal limb warming on sleep latency
Ebben, M. R., & Spielman, A. J. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1303_5 · Cited by 10
Thermoregulatory changes at driver sleepiness
Quanten, S., Valck, E. D., Cluydts, R., & Berckmans, D. (2006) · International Journal of Vehicle Design · doi:10.1504/ijvd.2006.010179 · Cited by 10
Robinson, E. L., & Fuller, C. A. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r298 · Cited by 10
Shin, M., Carpenter, J. S., Park, S. H., Janiszewski, C. M. S., Tonini, E., McKenna, S., Hindmarsh, G., Iorfino, F., Nichles, A., Zmicerevska, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304251328501 · Cited by 13
“Peripheral skin temperature, the daily waveform of which is phase-advanced and inversely related to core body temperature, plays a key role in thermo-regulation via heat loss from the extremities (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994; Sarabia et al., 2008).”
Chronobiology and Chronopharmacology of Hypertension
Lemmer, B. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-978-3_17 · Cited by 9
Giannetto, C., Gianesella, M., Arfuso, F., et al. (2017) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2017.1323410 · Cited by 9
“In humans, there is a circadian rhythm of heat loss from the distal limbs, with rhythms of skin temperature and blood flow in these regions showing peaks in the late evening and minima in the morning (Smolander et al. 1993; Krauchi & Wirz-Justice 1994).”
BackgroundGorlova, S., Ichiba, T., Nishimaru, H., Takamura, Y., Matsumoto, J., Hori, E., Nagashima, Y., Tatsuse, T., Ono, T., & Nishijo, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00066 · Cited by 12
Heart Rate Variability and Chronotype in Young Adult Men
Vondrasek, J. D., Alkahtani, S. A., Al-Hudaib, A. A., Habib, S. S., Al‐Masri, A. A., Grosicki, G. J., & Flatt, A. A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10122465 · Cited by 13
Amiya, E., Watanabe, M., Takata, M., Watanabe, S., Ozeki, A. N., Watanabe, A., Kawarasaki, S., Nakao, T., Hosoya, Y., Omori, K., et al. (2013) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-12-1591 · Cited by 9
Thermoregulation in Sleep and Hibernation
Kräuchi, K., & Deboer, T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00021-0 · Cited by 9
Self-citationJones, H., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Nyakayiru, J., Verheggen, R. J. H. M., Thompson, A., Groothuis, J. T., Atkinson, G., Hopman, M. T. E., & Thijssen, D. H. J. (2013) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.833516 · Cited by 9
“Previous studies demonstrated the importance of changes in distal skin temperature for sleep regulation (Krauchi & Wirz-Justice, 1994; Krauchi et al., 1999a).”
BackgroundAoki, K., Yokoi, M., 真砂, 涼., Iwanaga, K., Kondo, N., & Katsuura, T. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1392-6 · Cited by 9
“The circadian rhythm in resting internal temperature in humans shows a nadir in the early morning and a peak in the evening (Aschoff 1983; Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice 1994).”
BackgroundEndogenous circadian temperature rhythms relate to adolescents’ daytime physical activity
Kuula, L., Lipsanen, J. O., Partonen, T., Kauramäki, J., Halonen, R., & Pesonen, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.947184 · Cited by 8
“In a similar line of findings, a review on the relationship between PA and CBT suggested that since many of the mechanisms that create the circadian rhythm of CBT are the same as those that occur during thermoregulation in exercise, it is likely that optimal performance occurs in specific temperatures; while warm-ups…”
BackgroundInfluentialRomdhani, M., Vedasalam, S., Souissi, A., Fessi, M. S., Varma, A., Taheri, M., Ghram, A., Alnaama, A., Mkaouer, B., Saad, H. B., et al. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2136399 · Cited by 8
“heart-rate is higher during the morning [40,42] but in the current study, heart-rate was higher during the”
BackgroundResultDavis, G. R., Bellar, D. M., Scott, D. P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102399 · Cited by 8
Chronotypes and circadian rhythms in university students
Duarte, L. L., & Menna-Barreto, L. S. (2021) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2021.1903791 · Cited by 8
“Skin temperature may be considered a reliable measure to evaluate circadian rhythmicity in normal living subjects (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice 1994; Areas et al. 2006; Sarabia et al. 2008; Zornoza-Moreno et al. 2011), but until now has been little used to study the chronotype´s differences (for…”
Rea, M. S., Nagare, R., Bierman, A., & Figueiro, M. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.965525 · Cited by 8
Four kinds of body temperatures and their relationships with thermal perception
Xu, X., Yang, Y., Cao, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103600 · Cited by 8
Texture descriptors based affective states recognition-frontal face thermal image
Latif, M. H. A., Yusof, M. H., Sidek, S. N., et al. (2016) · IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences · doi:10.1109/iecbes.2016.7843419 · Cited by 8
“This allotted time was observed to standardize the data quality and minimize the effect of the circadian rhythm [8].”
BackgroundLok, R., Woelders, T., van Koningsveld, M. J., Oberman, K., Fuhler, S., Beersma, D. G. M., & Hut, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221096948 · Cited by 10
“…Between CBT and Skin Temperature The current view of the human thermoregulatory system is that Tproximal (usually measured subclavicularly) reflects CBT, while Tdistal (measured at hands and/or feet) depicts temperature fluctuations in heat dissipating regions (Kräuchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994).”
BackgroundComplications in Shoulder Arthroscopy
Szöllösy, G., & Toussaint, B. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5427-3_47 · Cited by 8
Teikari, P., & Pietrusz, A. (2021) · SportRxiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31236/osf.io/w734a · Cited by 14
Eveningness is associated with coronary artery calcification in a middle-aged Swedish population
Frisk, M. K., Fagman, E., Arvidsson, D., Ekblom, Ö. B., Börjesson, M., Bergström, G. M. L., & Zou, D. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.004 · Cited by 7
Neural substrates underlying rhythmic coupling of female reproductive and thermoregulatory circuits
Grant, A. D., & Kriegsfeld, L. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1254287 · Cited by 7
“Mammalian BT exhibits URs, CRs, and ORs; as well as distinct rhythmic structures at different locations on the body (Krauchi and Wirz-Justice, 1994; Krauchi et al., 2014; Grant et al., 2018; Grant et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSleep-wake and circadian-dependent variation of cardiorespiratory coherence
Boudreau, P., Brouse, C. J., Dumont, G. A., & Boivin, D. B. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346799 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Krauchi, K., & Wirz-Justice, A.
- Affiliations
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel,Switzerland.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1994-09-01
- Volume
- 267
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- R819-R829
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W1883140844
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, thermogenesis, heat loss, heart rate, skin temperature, core body temperature, rectal temperature, constant routine, phase locking, phase advance, urinary sodium, urinary potassium, urea, urine flow, respiratory quotient, endogenous circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Calorimetry, Indirect, Circadian Rhythm, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Skin Temperature, Urine
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