Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the rat prefrontal cortex measured by microdialysis
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats was studied during immobilization using an intracerebral microdialysis technique. A series of experiments using pharmacological and physiological manipulations indicated that the NE recovered in the medial PFC dialysate was mainly derived from nerve terminals and that the dorsal noradrenergic bundle was a major source of NE in the medial PFC. Immobilization stress immediately elevated NE levels to 176.0 +/- 9.0% of basal release, and this increase continued for the entire period of stress and 20 min after termination of the stress. Preinjection of a benzodiazepine receptor agonist, diazepam (5 mg/kg ip), significantly attenuated immobilization-induced NE release, while injection of an anxiogenic compound, FG-7142 (20 mg/kg ip), facilitated NE release in an obviously nonstressed condition. These results therefore suggest that stressful stimuli activate the NE system in the medial PFC, which may be modulated by an activation of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain.
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Stress activates the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus via stimulation by the amygdala of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors on locus coeruleus neurons, increasing norepinephrine release in PFC.
“Stress also activates the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus via stimulation by the amygdala of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors on locus coeruleus neurons48, increasing norepinephrine release in PFC49.”
From Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Nakane, H., Shimizu, N., & Hori, T.
- Affiliations
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1994-12-01
- Volume
- 267
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- R1559-R1566
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2339112710
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- noradrenaline release, medial prefrontal cortex, restraint stress, dorsal noradrenergic bundle, benzodiazepine receptor, diazepam, FG 7142, noradrenergic terminals
- MeSH terms
- Ringer's Solution, Animals, Calcium, Carbolines, Desipramine, Diazepam, Electric Stimulation, Isotonic Solutions, Locus Coeruleus, Male, Methamphetamine, Methyltyrosines, Norepinephrine, Potassium, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Physiological, Tetrodotoxin, Rats, Wistar, Prefrontal Cortex, Microdialysis, alpha-Methyltyrosine, Rats
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