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Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work
Abstract
In the present study oxygen uptake, cardiac output, stroke volume (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen content of arterial blood were determined in 11 women and 12 men, 20–31 years of age, at rest, and when performing submaximal and maximal work. At rest plasma volume (T-1824) and heart volume were determined. Sitting on the bicycle ergometer the stroke volume was 40–90% (mean 63%) of the maximum attained during exercise. Maximal stroke volume was essentially reached at a workload with an oxygen uptake of about 40% of the maximum and a heart rate about 110. No tendency to a decrease in stroke volume was noticed when maximal work was performed. The variation in stroke volume was ±4% during exercise in the range from 40 to 100% of the individual's aerobic work capacity. The maximal cardiac output was 18.5 liters/min for women and 24.1 liters for men. The correlation between heart volume on one side and maximal stroke volume and cardiac output on the other side was high and the expected one from the dimension of the individual. On submaximal as well as maximal exercise the women had a higher cardiac output per liter oxygen uptake than the men, and this can be explained by the lower concentration of hemoglobin in the women's blood. cardiac function during exercise; cardiac output stroke volume; cardiac output and arterial O2 content Submitted on October 3, 1963
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“reduced fat mass, and different distribution of body fat and lean muscle mass, which increases power to weight ratios and upper to lower limb strength in sports where this may be a crucial determinant of success”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“longer and larger skeletal structure, which creates advantages in sports where levers influence force application, where longer limb/digit length is favorable, and where height, mass and proportions are directly responsible for performance capacity”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Males have: larger and denser muscle mass, and stiffer connective tissue, with associated capacity to exert greater muscular force more rapidly and efficiently”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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“That notion was generated by the observation that the linear relationship between _Q and _VO2 , originally described by Åstrand et al. (1964), was unchanged under most circumstances, except in presence of significant changes in arterial oxygen concentration (Ferretti et al. 1992).”
MethodPerim, R. R., Signorelli, G. R., MYERS, J. N., Arena, R. A., & de Araújo, C. G. S. (2011) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322011000500020 · Cited by 16
“It is important to mention that these studies’ results are in contrast the conventional view that SV tends to plateau starting at 40-50% of maximum VO2 in progressive exercise tests.(12,13,24) In some of these studies,(12,13) the aerobic conditioning of the subjects was relatively low.”
The relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption.
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“However, as work intensity increases, stroke volume stabilises and the corresponding increases in cardiac output (oxygen delivery) become chronotropically driven (Åstrand et al. 1964).”
BackgroundHaemodynamic responses to dehydration in the resting and exercising human leg
Pearson, J., Kalsi, K. K., Stöhr, E. J., Low, D. A., Barker, H., Ali, L., & González‐Alonso, J. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2579-2 · Cited by 13
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Physical Exercise Reduces Aortic Regurgitation
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“…lower values in female subjects, is possible because, although our measurements showed values 25% lower than those from the female group studied by Astrand et al. (1964), Astrand’s subjects were in excellent physical condition whereas physical fitness was not a recruitment criterion for the…”
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“VO2m,s VO2m,s,rest VO2m,s,lin VO2m,s,over (3)”
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CIRCULATORY STUDIES DURING PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN MENTALLY DISORDERED PATIENTS. I
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“6 L·min−1) using the PhysioFlow impedance cardiography as was reported in previous invasive investigations (Åstrand et al., 1964; Hermansen et al., 1970; Siebenmann et al., 2015).”
MethodResultStroke volume does/does not decline during exercise at maximal effort in healthy individuals
Lucía, A., & Foster, C. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01073.2007 · Cited by 15
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“In contrast to previous studies (Astrand et al. 1964; Higginbotham et al. 1986; Sullivan et al. 1991), where SV dynamics have been described as a linear increase to a maximal value peaking at approximately 40±50% of _ V O2max in the present study the SV of trained Cyclists and healthy active Controls peaked at 30% of…”
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“Although the neuro-humoral concept of DEJOUxs (1964) is widely accepted as the origin of exercise hyperpnea, the contribution ratio of the two factors is not clear.”
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The Available Clinical Tools — Oxygen-Derived Variables, Lactate, and pHi
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PROGRAMMING OF SENSOR DRIVEN PACEMAKERS
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“…mammalian species, higher V O 2max was associated with greater blood flow rates achieved via increased stroke volumes and increased alveolar-venous ( a - v ) O 2 concentration differences achieved via greater hemoglobin concentrations, and the V O 2max was at the upper limit of SOT (7,10,152,155).”
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“The SV reached a plateau at 40% – 50% of peak exercise, and subsequently, the increasing HR led to an increase in CO to oxygenate peripheral tissues (48).”
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“…publications, cardiac output was linearly related to VO2, but the slope of this relationship was slightly lower than reported in some precedent studies (Åstrand et al., 1964; Calbet & Boushel, 2015; Mortensen et al., 2005; Calbet et al., 2007), but similar to others (Siebenmann et al., 2015).”
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“Regarding causes of pulmonary hypertension, the World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension has offered five clinical classifications, or the Nice classification, which consists of the following: (1) pulmonary arterial hypertension, (2) pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease, (3) pulmonary hypertension due to…”
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“SV reached a plateau at 40–50% of maximal exercise, after which an increase in HR led to a rise in CO [59].”
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“output increases substantially from rest to near-maximal exercise intensities and the maximally achievable cardiac output is a major determinant of human exercise capacity as expressed in the classic Fick equation [1,2].”
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“The SV reached a plateau at 40–50% of peak exercise, and subsequently, the increasing HR led to CO increase [51].”
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Bottin, R., Juchmès, J., Deroanne, R., et al. (1968) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00698831 · Cited by 8
An evaluation of exercise cardiac output using the CO 2 rebreathing extrapolation technique
Rogers, G. G., & van der Walt, W. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050184 · Cited by 8
“In two out of the four subjects most of the cardiac output values fell within, while in the other two subjects most of the cardiac output values fell above the 10% limits of the mean cardiac output for given _V O2 levels predicted by Astrand et al. (1964) (Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShibasaki, K., Ogawa, S., Yamada, S., Ouchi, Y., & Akishita, M. (2018) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13328 · Cited by 7
Resposta cardiovascular na prova de esforço: pressão arterial sistólica
Pássaro, L. C. (1997) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86921997000100003 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Åstrand, P.-O., Cuddy, T. E., Saltin, B., & Stenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Physiology, Kungliga Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1964-03-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 268-274
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2121467847
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cardiac output, stroke volume, submaximal exercise, maximal exercise, oxygen consumption, heart volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin levels, sex differences, aerobic work capacity, heart rate, arterial oxygen content, cycle ergometry
- MeSH terms
- Cardiac Output, Dye Dilution Technique, Physical Exertion, Oximetry, Biomedical Research
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