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Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work
Abstract
In the present study oxygen uptake, cardiac output, stroke volume (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen content of arterial blood were determined in 11 women and 12 men, 20–31 years of age, at rest, and when performing submaximal and maximal work. At rest plasma volume (T-1824) and heart volume were determined. Sitting on the bicycle ergometer the stroke volume was 40–90% (mean 63%) of the maximum attained during exercise. Maximal stroke volume was essentially reached at a workload with an oxygen uptake of about 40% of the maximum and a heart rate about 110. No tendency to a decrease in stroke volume was noticed when maximal work was performed. The variation in stroke volume was ±4% during exercise in the range from 40 to 100% of the individual's aerobic work capacity. The maximal cardiac output was 18.5 liters/min for women and 24.1 liters for men. The correlation between heart volume on one side and maximal stroke volume and cardiac output on the other side was high and the expected one from the dimension of the individual. On submaximal as well as maximal exercise the women had a higher cardiac output per liter oxygen uptake than the men, and this can be explained by the lower concentration of hemoglobin in the women's blood. cardiac function during exercise; cardiac output stroke volume; cardiac output and arterial O2 content Submitted on October 3, 1963
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“reduced fat mass, and different distribution of body fat and lean muscle mass, which increases power to weight ratios and upper to lower limb strength in sports where this may be a crucial determinant of success”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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“longer and larger skeletal structure, which creates advantages in sports where levers influence force application, where longer limb/digit length is favorable, and where height, mass and proportions are directly responsible for performance capacity”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Males have: larger and denser muscle mass, and stiffer connective tissue, with associated capacity to exert greater muscular force more rapidly and efficiently”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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“V̇O2 max as reported in nonactive subjects (1).”
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Accelerated respiratory response to moderate exercise in late pregnancy
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Rate‐Responsive Pacing: Biosensor Reliability and Physiological Sensitivity
Rossi, P. D. (1987) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1987.tb04507.x · Cited by 40
Metabolism at the Max: How Vertebrate Organisms Respond to Physical Activity
Hedrick, M. S., Hancock, T. V., & Hillman, S. S. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130032 · Cited by 40
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Wingo, J. E. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12381 · Cited by 39
“…conditions, cardiac output increases as a function of metabolic energy demand; this occurs via increases in both HR and stroke volume during upright exercise, with these responses leveling off after the first few minutes of constant-rate exercise (Åstrand et al., 1964; Powers & Howley, 2012).”
BackgroundLeft ventricular function in endurance runners during exercise
Jensen‐Urstad, BOUVIER, Nejat, et al. (1998) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00410.x · Cited by 39
Rousseau, M. F., Brasseur, L. A., & Detry, J.-M. R. (1973) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.48.5.943 · Cited by 39
Warburton, D. E. R., & Gledhill, N. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00595.2007a · Cited by 38
Hemodynamics of supine bicycle exercise in “normal children
Cumming, G. R. (1977) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(77)80013-6 · Cited by 38
Hossack, K. F., Bruce, R. A., Green, B., et al. (1980) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(80)90059-4 · Cited by 38
MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT RELATED TO SEX AND AGE
Miyamura, M., & Honda, Y. (1973) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.23.645 · Cited by 38
Exercise-Induced Activation and Human Performance: A Review
Gutin, B. (1973) · Research Quarterly American Association for Health Physical Education and Recreation · doi:10.1080/10671188.1973.10615204 · Cited by 37
Cardiac Responses to Isometric Exercise
Quarry, V. M., & Spodick, D. H. (1974) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.49.5.905 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Åstrand, P.-O., Cuddy, T. E., Saltin, B., & Stenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Physiology, Kungliga Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1964-03-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 268-274
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2121467847
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cardiac output, stroke volume, submaximal exercise, maximal exercise, oxygen consumption, heart volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin levels, sex differences, aerobic work capacity, heart rate, arterial oxygen content, cycle ergometry
- MeSH terms
- Cardiac Output, Dye Dilution Technique, Physical Exertion, Oximetry, Biomedical Research
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