The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work
Abstract
In the present study oxygen uptake, cardiac output, stroke volume (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen content of arterial blood were determined in 11 women and 12 men, 20–31 years of age, at rest, and when performing submaximal and maximal work. At rest plasma volume (T-1824) and heart volume were determined. Sitting on the bicycle ergometer the stroke volume was 40–90% (mean 63%) of the maximum attained during exercise. Maximal stroke volume was essentially reached at a workload with an oxygen uptake of about 40% of the maximum and a heart rate about 110. No tendency to a decrease in stroke volume was noticed when maximal work was performed. The variation in stroke volume was ±4% during exercise in the range from 40 to 100% of the individual's aerobic work capacity. The maximal cardiac output was 18.5 liters/min for women and 24.1 liters for men. The correlation between heart volume on one side and maximal stroke volume and cardiac output on the other side was high and the expected one from the dimension of the individual. On submaximal as well as maximal exercise the women had a higher cardiac output per liter oxygen uptake than the men, and this can be explained by the lower concentration of hemoglobin in the women's blood. cardiac function during exercise; cardiac output stroke volume; cardiac output and arterial O2 content Submitted on October 3, 1963
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“reduced fat mass, and different distribution of body fat and lean muscle mass, which increases power to weight ratios and upper to lower limb strength in sports where this may be a crucial determinant of success”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“longer and larger skeletal structure, which creates advantages in sports where levers influence force application, where longer limb/digit length is favorable, and where height, mass and proportions are directly responsible for performance capacity”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Males have: larger and denser muscle mass, and stiffer connective tissue, with associated capacity to exert greater muscular force more rapidly and efficiently”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–720 of 720
Fundamentals and Limits of Competitive Sport — Medical Insights
Åstrand, P., Vorobjev, A. N., Strauzenberg, S.-E., et al. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65784-9_8
Self-citationAerobic Metabolism and the Steady-State Concept
Ferretti, G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05636-4_2
Potts, J. T. (1993) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)
Kardiorespiratoriska responser vid sittande vs liggande cykelarbete
Hammarberg, G. (2011) · Publications (Mid Sweden University)
Left Ventricular Dynamics During Exercise in Endurance Athletes
Sundstedt, M. (2007) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Sugita, Y., Ito, K., Yoshioka, Y., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22721473
Cardiac responses and adaptations to blood flow restriction exercise
Cheung, C. P., Thompson, K. M. A., Robertson, A. A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01198.2025
Izem, O. (2017) · doi:10.70675/7c04341cza3fcz4b6bzb373zfe48318c25ac
“En effet, quelques études ont montré qu’au cours d’une épreuve d’effort incrémentale, le VES de l’athlète augmentait jusqu’à VO2max (Ferguson et al. 2001; Krip et al. 1997; Warburton et al. 2002; Zhou et al. 2001; Gledhill, Cox, et Jamnik 1994; ASTRAND et al. 1964; Ekblom et al. 1968) (Figure 29).”
Analyse du cœur d'athlète : définition et adaptations aux efforts prolongés et répétés
Ménard, V. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bda56abezf144z44abza871z4ed0345ca307
Astorino, T. A., Michel, A., Schepper, H., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1832895
Maximum stroke volume of the heart in young athletes
Sharovarova, M., & Sosnina, S. (2026) · Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P F Lesgafta · doi:10.5930/1994-4683-2026-7-42-49
Salvo, A. N. D., Osman, S., Schwartz, J. L., Nikolovski, N., & Bentley, R. F. (2026) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep093845
“Duringexercise,therateofoxygenconsumption( ̇ V O 2 )increases as more energy is required to perform work (Astrand et al., 1964) and as such, ̇ Q and ̇ V O 2 are intimately related.”
InfluentialDuckett, S. M., Ducharme, J. B., Schonk, M. M., Neyroud, D., Judge, S. M., & Judge, A. R. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00390.2026
Röwer, L. M., Vu, D. T., Goundi, M. A., Malik, H., Verde, P. E., Voit, D., Frahm, J., Müller‐Lutz, A., Antoch, G., Steinmetz, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1873004
Malm, C., Hult, A., Zhou, X., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10550677/v1
Hansen, R., Larsen, R. G., Nightingale, T. E., Hodgkiss, D. D., Secher, N. H., & Volianitis, S. (2026) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.70306
“Accordingly, the continuous SV increase during low levels of exercise, from rest up to 40%–50% of maximal oxygen uptake (V ̇O 2max [77]), is established mainly through an increase in LV filling (end-diastolic volume) and to a lesser extent by enhanced contractility (i.e., reduced end-systolic…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Åstrand, P.-O., Cuddy, T. E., Saltin, B., & Stenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Physiology, Kungliga Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1964-03-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 268-274
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2121467847
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cardiac output, stroke volume, submaximal exercise, maximal exercise, oxygen consumption, heart volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin levels, sex differences, aerobic work capacity, heart rate, arterial oxygen content, cycle ergometry
- MeSH terms
- Cardiac Output, Dye Dilution Technique, Physical Exertion, Oximetry, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
