Cited by 184Spaceflight effects on biologyCardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic DisordersSpace Exploration and Technology

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Physiological responses to prolonged bed rest and fluid immersion in humans

Greenleaf, J. E.·1984·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.3.619

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Abstract

Rest in bed and immersion in water have been used for centuries by physicians and healers in treating injury and disease. The qualitative similarity of acute and chronic responses to bed rest, immersion, and weightlessness has sparked renewed interest in and a resultant greater understanding of the mechanisms of disuse deconditioning. Some combination of changes in hydrostatic pressure, reduced total metabolism (exercise), compression force on weight-bearing bones, as well as psychological factors associated with prolonged confinement in a new environment probably comprise the major input stimuli for the adaptive responses. Virtually every physiological system is affected. Early responses involve the fluid, electrolyte, and blood pressure control systems with significant muscular atrophy and decreases in bone density occurring over weeks and months. Much effort has been expended to describe the various responses to bed rest and immersion with understandably less effort devoted to research during weightlessness. Future research should be directed mainly toward an understanding of the mechanisms of these adaptive responses. Additional work is especially needed to elucidate the effects of deconditioning on drug metabolism, functioning of the immune system, carbohydrate metabolism, protein and peptide metabolism in muscle, and calcium metabolism as it affects integrity of bone.

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Authors: Greenleaf, J. E.
Affiliations: Ames Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Greenleaf, J. E.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1984-09-01
Volume: 57
Issue: 3
Pages: 619-633
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.3.619
OpenAlex: W1937610498
Cited by: 184
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 4.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
Keywords: prolonged bed rest, microgravity, hydrostatic pressure, muscle atrophy, bone mineral loss, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, drug metabolism, immune function, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium metabolism, bone integrity
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Bed Rest, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Fluid Compartments, Bone and Bones, Calcium, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Diuresis, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Humans, Hydrostatic Pressure, Immersion, Kidney, Muscles, Natriuresis, Phosphorus, Posture, Respiration, Stress, Mechanical, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Weightlessness

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Physiological responses to prolonged bed rest and fluid immersion in humans

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