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Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in normal adults
Abstract
We examined the ventilatory response to moderate (arterial O2 saturation 80%), sustained, isocapnic hypoxia in 20 young adults. During 25 min of hypoxia, inspiratory minute ventilation (VI) showed an initial brisk increase but then declined to a level intermediate between the initial increase and resting room air VI. The intermediate level of VI was a plateau that did not change significantly when hypoxia was extended up to 1 h. The relation between the amount of initial increase and subsequent decrease in ventilation during constant hypoxia was not random; the magnitude of the eventual decline correlated confidently with the degree of initial hyperventilation. Evaluation of breathing pattern revealed that during constant hypoxia there was little alteration in respiratory timing and that the changes in VI were related to significant alterations in tidal volume and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI). None of the changes was reproduced during a sham control protocol, in which room air was substituted for the period of low fractional concentration of inspired O2. We conclude that ventilatory response to hypoxia in adults is not sustained; it exhibits some biphasic features similar to the neonatal hypoxic response.
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“Sustained hyperoxia (>60% oxygen) normally results in pulmonary and ocular toxicity due to oxidative damage to endothelial and epithelial cells.”
From Hypoxia signaling in cancer: Implications for therapeutic interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
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“However, long‐term respiratory hyperoxia may have adverse effects on multiple organ systems exposed to O2 > 60%.”
From Hypoxia signaling in cancer: Implications for therapeutic interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [201]
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Fatemian, M., Gamboa, A. C., Lèon‐Velarde, F., et al. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00859.2002 · Cited by 25
“In the case of lowering the PETO2 of the SL subjects, there was a trend associated with ventilatory depression by hypoxia (7, 11).”
BackgroundControl of Breathing in Fetal Life and Onset and Control of Breathing in the Neonate
Alvaro, R. E., & Rigatto, H. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00072-x · Cited by 25
Ward, C. S., Huang, T.-W., Herrera, J. A., Samaco, R. C., McGraw, C. M., Parra, D., Arvide, E. M., Ito, A., Meng, X., Ure, K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.593554 · Cited by 21
Vargas, M., Lèon‐Velarde, F., Monge-C, C., et al. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.3.1024 · Cited by 24
“The response to a step change into steady isocapnic hypoxia is characterized by a reasonably rapid increase in ventilation (V̇E) initially, followed by a gradual ‘‘roll-off’’ that is known as hypoxic ventilatory depression or decline (5).”
BackgroundMazzone, S. B., Hinrichsen, C. F. L., & GERAGHTY, D. P. (1998) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00743-5 · Cited by 24
HYPOXIC INHIBITION OF BREATHING AND MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE FOETUS AND NEWBORN
Walker, D. W. (1995) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02062.x · Cited by 23
Effect of dopamine on ventilatory response to incremental exercise in man
Henson, L. C., Ward, D. S., & Whipp, B. J. (1992) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(92)90051-w · Cited by 23
Orr, R. S., Jordan, A. S., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Saunders, N. A., & McEvoy, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.47 · Cited by 23
“Acute isocapnic hypoxia [arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) 5 80–90%] has been shown to depress central respiratory neural drive (9, 22) and produce decrements in neurocognitive function (3).”
BackgroundCentral dopamine modulates anapyrexia but not hyperventilation induced by hypoxia
Barros, R. C. H., & Branco, L. G. S. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00852.2001 · Cited by 23
“Actually, the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia seems to be consciousness state, age, and species dependent (1, 14, 10, 34, 35).”
BackgroundGargaglioni, L. H., Bícego, K. C., Nucci, T. B., et al. (2005) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2005.09.003 · Cited by 22
Are the carotid bodies of the guinea-pig functional?
Schwenke, D. O., Bolter, C. P., & Cragg, P. A. (2006) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.013 · Cited by 21
“For instance, moderate hypoxia (12% O2) provokes a 30–50% increase in V̇E in humans (Easton et al., 1986; Brauer et al., 1996) and, in conscious rats, 10% O2 and 8% O2 provoke a ∼95% (Walker et al.”
BackgroundSoliz, J., Soulage, C. O., Borter, E., van Patot, M. C. T., & Gassmann, M. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00876.2007 · Cited by 21
“There were no physiological differences between WT and Paskin / carotid body responses, suggesting that PASKIN is involved in the modulation of HVR and that HVD-PASKIN modulation occurs at the central rather than the peripheral level.”
InfluentialRespiratory, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses to isocapnic hypoxia
Battisti‐Charbonney, A., Fisher, J. A., & Duffin, J. (2011) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.004 · Cited by 20
Berkenbosch, A., Dahan, A., DeGoede, J., et al. (1992) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019327 · Cited by 20
Effects of haloperidol on ventilation during isocapnic hypoxia in humans
Pedersen, M. E. F., Dorrington, K. L., & Robbins, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1110 · Cited by 20
“THE HUMAN VENTILATORY RESPONSE to isocapnic hypoxia is biphasic; there is an initial abrupt increase in ventilation at the onset of hypoxia [known as the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (AHVR)], which is then followed by a subsequent slower decline in ventilation [known as hypoxic ventilatory depression or decline…”
BackgroundHoriuchi, M., Endo, J., Dobashi, S., Handa, Y., Kiuchi, M., & Koyama, K. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13475 · Cited by 19
“At high-altitude, initial compensatory physiological responses is an increase in pulmonary ventilation to deliver sufficient oxygen into peripheral tissues (Dempsey and Foster 1982) and this immediate increases in ventilation showed a stable about after 1 h hypoxic exposure (Easton et al. 1986).”
BackgroundThe Modulation by Anesthetics and Analgesics of Respiratory Rhythm in the Nervous System
Hao, X., Yang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Ou, M., Ke, B., Zhu, T., & Zhou, C. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230810110901 · Cited by 19
“The HVR in humans is biphasic and consists of an initial increase in ventilation, followed by a secondary roll-off, usually designated hypoxic ventilatory decline [50, 93].”
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“During sustained hypoxia, ventilation is known to show a biphasic response, which is comprised of an initial stimulatory phase mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors and then a depressive phase caused by central and/or peripheral mechanisms in animals and in humans (Easton et al. 1986; Neubauer et al. 1987).”
BackgroundEffect Of Hypoxia On Respiratory Activity In The Foetus
Walker, D. W., Lee, B. A., & Nitsos, I. (2000) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03201.x · Cited by 19
“dence has been assembled suggesting that respiration is inhibited centrally during hypoxia, even in the adult.(2) Because respiratory output is rapidly and profoundly inhibited by hypoxia in the foetuses of some species (including humans), it can be argued that understanding the processes that occur in utero may throw…”
BackgroundVovk, A., Smith, W. D. F., Paterson, N. D., Cunningham, D. A., & Paterson, D. H. (2004) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2004.027532 · Cited by 19
“In both humans (Easton et al. 1986; Khamnei & Robbins, 1990) and animals (Long et al. 1994), modelling the V̇E response to a steady-state decrease in PET,O2 demonstrated a rapid decline in V̇E (off-response) upon removal of the hypoxic stimulus that was slower than the rapid rise in V̇E…”
BackgroundInfluentialCarotid body chemoreceptor and ventilatory responses to sustained hypoxia and hypercapnia in the cat
Andronikou, S., Shirahata, M., Mokashi, A., et al. (1988) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(88)90094-1 · Cited by 19
Influence of passive hyperthermia on human ventilation during rest and isocapnic hypoxia
Curtis, A. N., Walsh, M. L., & White, M. D. (2007) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-035 · Cited by 19
“This finding is in agreement with other normothermic steady-state HVR studies using both males and females that indicated hypoxia-induced elevations in _ V E were due to increases in VT with a stable fR (Easton et al. 1986; Sajkov et al. 1997).”
ResultThe Role of Arterial Chemoreceptors in Ventilatory Acclimatization to Hypoxia
Bisgard, G. E. (1994) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2572-1_10 · Cited by 19
Multi-organ system model of O2 and CO2 transport during isocapnic and poikilocapnic hypoxia
Zhou, H., Saidel, G. M., & Cabrera, M. E. (2006) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2006.11.002 · Cited by 19
Nagyová, B., Dorrington, K. L., Poulin, M. J., et al. (1997) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/78.6.707 · Cited by 19
Effects of Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Opioids on Ventilatory Control
Stuth, E. A. E., Stucke, A. G., & Zuperku, E. J. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100061 · Cited by 24
Effects of brain hypoxia on ventilation
Berkenbosch, A., & DeGoede, J. (1988) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.93.01020184 · Cited by 18
A Mathematical Model of Human Respiration at Altitude
Wolf, M. B., & Garner, R. P. (2007) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-007-9361-3 · Cited by 18
“In the present model, this ventilation is derived from inspiratory ventilation less the ventilation of the dead space derived from Eq. ( 13 ) (see below).”
Neuronal Mechanisms Mediating the Integration of Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia.
Hayashi, F., & Fukuda, Y. (2000) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.50.15 · Cited by 18
“In goats and humans [4], HVD reduced VT but not f, although the extent of hy-”
BackgroundAminophylline partially blocks ventilatory depression with hypoxia in the awake cat
Long, W. Q., & Anthonisen, N. R. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y94-095 · Cited by 18
Self-citationThe Mechanism of Respiratory Arrest in Inspiratory Loading and Hypoxemia
Yanos, J., Keamy, M. F., Leisk, L., et al. (1990) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/141.4_pt_1.933 · Cited by 18
Testing Acute Oxygen Sensing in Genetically Modified Mice: Plethysmography and Amperometry
Ortega‐Sáenz, P., Caballero, C., Gao, L., et al. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7665-2_13 · Cited by 17
Influence of Sustained Hypoxia on the Sensation of Dyspnea.
Chonan, T., Okabe, S., Hida, W., et al. (1998) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.48.291 · Cited by 17
Plasma Adenosine during Investigation of Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
Drumm, D., Hoefer, M., Juhász, J., et al. (2004) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-004-0031-5 · Cited by 16
“During HVR testing, ventilation showed the typical bimodal course of hypoxic responses with initial brisk hyperventilation followed by a decline leading to a plateau of ventilation, as first described by Easton and associates.(12) HVR was determined 10 minutes after stable plateau phase ventilation had been reached, w…”
BackgroundMethodAminophylline increases parasternal intercostal muscle activity during hypoxia in humans
Nishii, Y., Okada, Y., Yokoba, M., et al. (2007) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2007.12.004 · Cited by 16
Self-citationHemodynamics and muscle sympathetic nerve activity after 8 h of sustained hypoxia in healthy humans
Tamisier, R., Hunt, B. E., Gilmartin, G. S., Curley, M., Anand, A., & Weiss, J. W. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00277.2007 · Cited by 16
The ventilatory effects of sustained isocapnic hypoxia during exercise in humans
Pandit, J. J., & Robbins, P. A. (1991) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(91)90109-v · Cited by 16
NMDA receptor-mediated modulation of ventilation in obese Zucker rats
Lee, S., Nakano, H., & Farkas, G. A. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801663 · Cited by 15
Foo, I. T. H., Warren, P. M., & Drummond, G. B. (1996) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/76.2.214 · Cited by 15
Morishima, T., & Goto, K. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-370 · Cited by 14
“It is well known that acute hypoxic exposure induces hyperventilation (Dempsey and Forster 1982; Easton et al. 1986), which may cause an overestimation of CO2 production (Ferrannini 1988).”
BackgroundJansen, S. C., van Velzen, M., Sarton, E. Y., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.040 · Cited by 13
Getsy, P. M., Coffee, G. A., & Lewis, S. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.613786 · Cited by 13
“…as the pig, cat and rat, the initial rise in minute ventilation (MV) is smaller than the secondary roll-off, resulting in lower baseline ventilation values compared to those under normoxia (Bonora et al., 1984; Eden and Hanson, 1987; Elnazir et al., 1996; Liu et al., 2006; Teppema and Dahan, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialHappy hypoxemia, or blunted ventilation?
Ora, J., Rogliani, P., Dauri, M., & O’Donnell, D. E. (2021) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01604-9 · Cited by 14
“As has been widely demonstrated [1, 6, 12], hypoxemia is only a weak stimulus for respiratory drive and consequently for dyspnea if it is not accompanied by an increase in CO2 or a reduction in pH, therefore more than “happy hypoxemia”, it is only a physiological blunted ventilation to the hypoxic stimulus.”
BackgroundDifferential sensitivity to hypoxic inhibition of respiratory processes in the anesthetized rat.
Maruyama, R., Yoshida, A., & Fukuda, Y. (1989) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.39.857 · Cited by 13
Evidence of impaired hypoxic vasodilation after intermediate-duration hypoxic exposure in humans
Gilmartin, G. S., Tamisier, R., Anand, A., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01021.2005 · Cited by 13
Short-term arrival strategies for endurance exercise performance at moderate altitude
Foss, J. L., Constantini, K., Mickleborough, T. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00314.2017 · Cited by 12
“The question becomes, what is the time course of this response, and would 12 additional hours of exposure after arrival at altitude increase ventilatory drive enough to improve arterial oxygenation and performance? The changes in ventilation during chronic exposure to hypoxia are characterized by a triphasic response…”
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Variability of the Initial Phase of the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in Sleeping Infants
Richardson, H. L., Parslow, P. M., WALKER, A. M., et al. (2006) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000214978.94064.66 · Cited by 12
“In adults, the response consists of a prompt increase in ventilation, which peaks within 3–5 min of exposure to hypoxia, followed by a period of sustained hyperventilation for 15–30 min (6).”
BackgroundFerreira, C. M., Paula, P. M. D., & Branco, L. G. S. (2003) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2003.10.001 · Cited by 11
Azevedo, R. D. A., Saona, J., Inglis, E. C., Iannetta, D., & Murias, J. M. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00291.2019 · Cited by 11
Hlavac, M. C., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Adams, A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01618.2005 · Cited by 11
“These changes may be secondary to the elaboration of inhibitory neuromodulators that may also be responsible for depressed neurocognitive functioning during hypoxia (7) and ventilatory depression both during and for at least 15 min after sustained hypoxia (10, 11).”
BackgroundInfluence of Progressive and of Transient Hypoxia on Upper Airway Resistance in Normal Humans
Dinh, L., Maltais, F., & Sériès, F. (1991) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/143.6.1312 · Cited by 11
Nagi, H. (2002) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02913_38.x · Cited by 11
Ventilatory response to sustained eucapnic hypoxia in the adult conscious dog
Cao, K. L. H., Zwillich, C. W., Berthon-Jones, M., et al. (1992) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(92)90071-4 · Cited by 10
Analyses of human respiratory flow patterns
Painter, R., & Cuningham, D. J. C. (1992) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(92)90013-m · Cited by 10
Fahlman, A., Jackson, S., Terblanche, J. S., et al. (2002) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s1569-9048(02)00166-0 · Cited by 10
“…do not instantaneously induce hypoxia, show that ventilatory decline begins 2 /3 min after introduction of hypoxia (Severinghaus, 1976; Weil and Zwillich, 1976; Easton et al., 1986; Khamnei and Robbins, 1990; Bascom et al., 1992; Paterson et al., 1993; Powell et al., 1998; Garcia et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCerebrocortical oxygenation and ventilatory response during sustained hypoxia
Bacon, D., Afifi, M., Griebel, J. A., et al. (1990) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(90)90087-f · Cited by 10
Terblanche, J. S., Fahlman, A., Myburgh, K. H., et al. (2004) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/25/5/009 · Cited by 10
“VE) and fH (�f H) in response to hypoxia are linearly related to the SaO2 (Rebuck et al 1977, Easton et al 1986 ).”
BackgroundGetu, A. A., Ilardo, M. A., Tremblay, J. C., Carr, J. M. J. R., Faoro, V., & Ainslie, P. N. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep092811 · Cited by 18
“Typically, during acute exposure to hypoxia, ̇ V A initially rises to a peak within the first few minutes, then decreases slightly, stabilizing at a level higher than baseline, with the extent depending on the severity of the hypoxia (Easton et al., 1986; Powell et al., 1998).”
Midbrain Neurotransmitters in Acute Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
Kazemi, H. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-31311-7_34 · Cited by 9
Antenatal smoking and substance‐misuse, infant and newborn response to hypoxia
Ali, K., Rosser, T., Bhat, R., Wolff, K., Hannam, S., Rafferty, G. F., & Greenough, A. (2016) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.23620 · Cited by 9
“In human adults, a rapid increase in ventilation is elicited by hypoxia and only after approximately 15min is there a decline in minute ventilation, but it still remains above the baseline hypoxic values.(13) Both prematurely and term born(17) infants have a biphasic response to hypoxia with a transient increase in ve…”
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Effect of dichloroacetate on ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in normal adults
Georgopoulos, D., Berezanski, D., & Anthonisen, N. R. (1990) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(90)90028-w · Cited by 9
Self-citationCalverley, P. M. A. (2005) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/1025448x.00031003 · Cited by 9
Dynamic ventilatory responses of females and males to acute isocapnic and poikilocapnic hypoxia
Rispen, L., Marks, D. W., & Green, S. (2017) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2017.05.005 · Cited by 8
Narang, B. J., Manferdelli, G., Millet, G. P., & Debevec, T. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04965-9 · Cited by 8
“The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the acute increase in ventilation that occurs during the first few minutes of hypoxic exposure (Easton et al. 1986).”
BackgroundThalamic mediation of hypoxic respiratory depression in lambs
Koos, B. J., Rajaee, A., Ibe, B. O., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00412.2015 · Cited by 8
Blunted Cardiac Autonomic Responsiveness to Hypoxemic Stress in Healthy Older Adults
Lucy, S. D., Kowalchuk, J. M., Hughson, R. L., Paterson, D. H., & Cunningham, D. A. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h03-040 · Cited by 8
“Ventilation was stimulated significantly by exposure to IC hypoxia (Table 1) and was biphasic (Figure 2), as has been described previously in both healthy young (Easton et al., 1986; Lucy et al., 2000) and older (Smith et al., 2001) adults.”
MethodVentilatory Control and Dyspnea
Calverley, P. M. A. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4525-9_10 · Cited by 8
Mild Hypoxia Does Not Suppress Auditory Arousal From NREM Sleep
CATCHESIDE, P. G., Orr, R. S., Chiong, S. C., Mercer, J., Saunders, N. A., & R. Douglas McEvoy (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.5.619 · Cited by 7
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Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia Peripheral and Central Effects
Berkenbosch, A., Olievier, C. N., & DeGoede, J. (1995) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1933-1_47 · Cited by 7
Problems with determining the hypoxic response in humans using stepwise changes in end-tidal PO2
Howard, L., & Robbins, P. A. (1994) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(94)90074-4 · Cited by 7
Effect of body position on ventilatory responses in anaesthetised mice
Izumizaki, M., Pokorski, M., Ishihara, Y., Iwase, M., & Homma, I. (2005) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.04.004 · Cited by 7
Sudden infant death syndrome: A theory
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COVID-19 and silent hypoxemia in a minimal closed-loop model of the respiratory rhythm generator
Diekman, C. O., Thomas, P. J., & Wilson, C. G. (2024) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-024-00989-w · Cited by 6
An open-source tool for automated analysis of breathing behaviors in common marmosets and rodents
Bishop, M., Weinhold, M., Turk, A. Z., Adeck, A., & SheikhBahaei, S. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.71647 · Cited by 7
“Acute 339 HVR is likely biphasic in mammals (Easton et al. 1986; Rehan et al. 1996; Martin et al. 340 1998; Vizek et al. 1987; Waites et al. 1996; Gozal and Gaultier 2001; Greer and Funk 341 2013).”
BackgroundINHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS AND CONTROL OF BREATHING DURING HYPOXIA
Ward, D. S. (1998) · Anesthesiology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8537(05)70008-0 · Cited by 6
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“2), since the normal ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans is largely an effect on tidal volume (7).”
BackgroundCostal and crural diaphragm function during sustained hypoxia in awake canines
Ikegami, T., Ji, M., Fujimura, N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00242.2018 · Cited by 6
“In adult humans and other mammals, including equines, bovids, felines, and even rodents, isocapnic hypoxia sustained for 20–60 min elicits a biphasic ventilatory response: an initial increased peak followed by a fall in ventilation—“roll-off” or “hypoxic ventilatory decline”—to a lesser intermediate plateau (6, 19, 22…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of GABAA receptor antagonism on inspiratory activities in kittens
Sica, A. L., Siddiqi, Z. A., Hundley, B. W., et al. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90400-f · Cited by 6
Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia: effect of methysergide and verapamil
Long, G. R., Filuk, R. B., Balakumar, M., et al. (1989) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(89)90061-3 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe ventilatory response to hypoxia
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Tissue Doppler imaging of the diaphragm and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation
Xin, S., Li, Y., Liu, R., Liu, X., & Cai, S. (2024) · Australasian Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajum.12389 · Cited by 5
“22 Additionally, the diaphragm required increased strenuous activity to ensure adequate alveolar ventilation and gas exchange.”
Effects of Acute Hypoxia on the Inflection Point of Muscle Oxygenation
Osawa, T., Kime, R., Katsumura, T., et al. (2009) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_56 · Cited by 5
“After calibrating NIRS signals (see below) and breathing in each gas mixture at rest for at least 15 min to equilibrate body gas stores of O2 and CO2 [ 7 ], the subject underwent the ramp incremental exercise tests.”
MethodNovelli, L., on behalf of HPG23 COVID-19 Study Group, Raimondi, F., Ghirardi, A., Galimberti, C., Biza, R., Trapasso, R., Anelli, M., Amoroso, M., Allegri, C., et al. (2022) · Panminerva Medica · doi:10.23736/s0031-0808.22.04609-2 · Cited by 5
“00 FiO2, % – median [IQR] 1,136 60 [35-70] 40 [30-70] 60 [40-70] <0.”
BackgroundThe Gallagher–Wilkinson reflex
(2002) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02913_13.x · Cited by 5
Neurohumoral Responses and Adaptations During Rest and Exercise at Altitude
Beidleman, B. A., Staab, J. E., & Glickman, E. L. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757826.ch30 · Cited by 5
The Effects of Dopamine on the Ventilatory Response to Sustained Hypoxia in Humans
Ward, D. S., & Nino, M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9847-0_51 · Cited by 5
The hypoxic respiratory response of the pre-Bötzinger complex
Khalilpour, J., Zangbar, H. S., Alipour, M. R., & Shahabi, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34491 · Cited by 6
Modified hypoxic challenge testing in children needing nocturnal ventilation: An observational study
Riley, M., Brotherston, S., Kelly, P., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.26163 · Cited by 4
“Healthy individuals compensate with tachypnoea and mild hyperventilation.(2,3) Those with poor respiratory drive or weak respiratory muscles might be at risk of”
BackgroundPetitjeans, F., Leroy, S., Pichot, C., GHIGNONE, M., Quintin, L., Longrois, D., & Constantin, J. (2023) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology Intensive Care · doi:10.1097/ea9.0000000000000030 · Cited by 4
Ventilation After Supplemental Oxygen Administration at High Altitude☆
Muza, S. R., Young, A., Sawka, M. N., et al. (2004) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0018:vasoaa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 4
Freislich, Z., Stoecklin, B., Hemy, N. R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.974643 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, healthy adults can increase minute ventilation by up to ∼60% in the first five minutes after exposure to hypoxia (measured by an arterial oxygen saturation of 80%), remaining at 26% above baseline 25 min after commencing hypoxic exposure (10).”
BackgroundEffects of acute hypoxia on the oxygen uptake kinetics of older adults during cycling exercise
Zerbini, L., Brighenti, A., Pellegrini, B., Bortolan, L., Antonetti, T., & Schena, F. F. (2012) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h2012-048 · Cited by 4
Gautier, H. (2003) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9280-2_1 · Cited by 4
Moura, L. Z., Guimarães, G. V., Pires, P. V., et al. (2010) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2010005000110 · Cited by 4
New Strategies of Screening and Treatment for Sleep Apnea Syndrome.
Hida, W. (1998) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.186.225 · Cited by 4
Ventilation and diaphragm activity during sustained hypoxia in awake canines
Fujimura, N., Ji, M., Jagers, J. S., et al. (2015) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.004 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Easton, P. A., Slykerman, L. J., & Anthonisen, N. R.
- ORCID
- Easton, P. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-09-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1950707731
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- hypoxic ventilatory response, sustained hypoxia, isocapnic hypoxia, hyperventilation, tidal volume, inspiratory flow, respiratory timing, arterial oxygen saturation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Hypoxia, Female, Humans, Inspiratory Capacity, Male, Respiration, Respiratory System, Tidal Volume, Time Factors
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