The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking
Abstract
The metabolic cost of walking is determined by many mechanical tasks, but the individual contribution of each task remains unclear. We hypothesized that the force generated to support body weight and the work performed to redirect and accelerate body mass each individually incur a significant metabolic cost during normal walking. To test our hypothesis, we measured changes in metabolic rate in response to combinations of simulated reduced gravity and added loading. We found that reducing body weight by simulating reduced gravity modestly decreased net metabolic rate. By calculating the metabolic cost per Newton of reduced body weight, we deduced that generating force to support body weight comprises approximately 28% of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Similar to previous loading studies, we found that adding both weight and mass increased net metabolic rate in more than direct proportion to load. However, when we added mass alone by using a combination of simulated reduced gravity and added load, net metabolic rate increased about one-half as much as when we added both weight and mass. By calculating the cost per kilogram of added mass, we deduced that the work performed on the center of mass comprises approximately 45% of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Our findings support the hypothesis that force and work each incur a significant metabolic cost. Specifically, the cost of performing work to redirect and accelerate the center of mass is almost twice as great as…
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“Teunissen et al. (2007) found extremely large effects during running while data from Grabowski et al. (2005) reported a small effect during walking in 0.25 g compared to 1 g.”
From Human Biomechanical and Cardiopulmonary Responses to Partial Gravity – A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as Grabowski et al. (2005)
In the citing paper
“Many investigations under level-only conditions have reported that, on a per kilogram basis, each unit of additional torso mass incurs a relatively greater metabolic cost than each kilogram of body mass (6, 29 -31, 37).”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Grabowski, A., Farley, C. T., & Kram, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 579-583
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2017291484
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29ar044688-06)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-44688)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- energy cost of walking, body weight support, center of mass acceleration, metabolic rate, mechanical work, force generation
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Adult, Computer Simulation, Energy Transfer, Female, Humans, Locomotion, Male, Models, Biological, Oxygen Consumption, Stress, Mechanical, Task Performance and Analysis, Weight-Bearing, Weightlessness Simulation
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