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Cited by 515

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Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure

Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C., Taylor, C. R.·1977·American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r243
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Abstract

The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare). Walking, in all animals (as in man), involves an alternate transfer between gravitational-potential energy and kinetic energy within each stride (as takes place in a pendulum). This transfer is greatest at intermediate walking speeds and can account for up to 70% of the total energy changes taking place within a stride, leaving only 30% to be supplied by muscles. No kinetic-gravitational energy transfer takes place during running, hopping, and trotting, but energy is conserved by another mechanism: an elastic “bounce” of the body. Galloping animals utilize a combination of these two energy-conserving mechanisms. During running, trotting, hopping, and galloping, 1) the power per unit weight required to maintain the forward speed of the center of mass is almost the same in all the species studied; 2) the power per unit weight required to lift the center of mass is almost independent of speed; and 3) the sum of these two powers is almost a linear function of speed.

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Crossref · 10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r243

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  • An alternative explanation for the higher mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption in the present study is that shorter steps result in an attenuation of the pendular exchange of kinetic and potential energy exhibited in the normal, striding human gait.

    “An alternative explanation is that shorter steps result in an attenuation of the pendular exchange of kinetic and potential energy exhibited in the normal, striding human gait (Cavagna et al., 1977).”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Cavagna et al., 1977

  • Long periods of ground force application to support the body's weight and conservative, pendulum-like gait mechanics constrain gait-induced elevations in whole body metabolism to two to four times the body's supine resting rate across the level walking speeds typically used.

    “However, long periods of ground force application to support the body's weight (12,36) and conservative, pendulum-like gait mechanics that minimize muscular work (11,12) constrain gaitinduced elevations in whole body metabolism two to four times the body's supine resting rate across the level walking speeds typically used.”

    From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [12]

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Metadata

Authors
Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C., & Taylor, C. R.
Venue
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
1977-11-01
Volume
233
Issue
5
Pages
R243-R261
ISSN
  • 0363-6119
  • 1522-1490
DOI
10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r243
Cited by
515
References
0
Language
en

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