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Organization of orosensory responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract of rat
Abstract
1. The receptive field and topographic organization of single orosensory neurons located throughout the rostral division of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) was studied by determining their responsiveness to gustatory stimulation of the entire oral cavity and to gustatory and mechanical stimulation of restricted oral regions. The rNST contained roughly equal numbers of two distinct populations of orosensory neurons, one responsive exclusively to oral mechanical stimulation (M neurons), the other to gustatory stimulation (G neurons). Some G neurons also responded to oral somatosensory stimuli, but usually less vigorously than to gustatory stimuli. The distribution of these two populations of rNST neurons was topographically organized: G neurons were centered anteriorly and medially to M neurons. 2. Eight of 44 G neurons responded only when the whole oral cavity was stimulated, but the remaining 36 cells responded to circumscribed stimulation of taste buds on the anterior tongue (AT), foliate papillae of the posterior tongue, nasoincisor ducts, retromolar mucosa (RM), or soft palate (SP). Overall, AT and SP stimulation were the most effective, and RM stimulation the least effective, for activating nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) G neurons. 3. Approximately half of the G neurons for which a receptive field could be defined (N = 36) responded to stimulation of a single taste receptor subpopulation, but the remaining neurons received convergent input from two or more taste bud groups. The receptive field configurations for convergent G neurons were orderly: convergence occurred preferentially between receptor subpopulations either within the anterior oral cavity (AO) or the posterior oral cavity (PO). An AO-PO distinction also was reflected in the topographic organization of gustatory responses. The mean location of neurons responding optimally to AO gustatory stimulation was more anterior in the NST, and also tended to be more lateral and ventral than the location of neurons that responded optimally to PO stimulation. 4. Forty-four rNST M neurons responded to innocuous mechanical stimulation of restricted areas of the tongue, palate, buccal mucosa, or periodontium. Stimulation of the hard palate and circumvallate papilla were most effective, whereas periodontal stimulation was least effective for activating these cells. 5. A majority (32 of 44) of rNST M neurons responded to stimulation of more than one of the oral sites tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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“In mammals, the caudal brainstem is the equivalent of the subesophageal ganglion, where direct sensory feedback from the tongue and the gut are integrated into basic motor patterns of ingestion ([166](#B166), [179](#B179)).”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [179]
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Wilson, D. M., & Lemon, C. H. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00368.2014 · Cited by 19
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Ishimaru, Y. (2014) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2014.975187 · Cited by 19
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Travers, S. P., & Geran, L. C. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.042 · Cited by 19
Self-citationTravers, S. P., & Travers, J. B. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21213 · Cited by 19
Self-citationLundy, R. F., & Norgren, R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374245-2.00026-7 · Cited by 20
Self-citationKing, C. T., Garcea, M., Stolzenberg, D. S., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2007 · Cited by 18
King, M. S., & Bradley, R. M. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02292-7 · Cited by 18
Harrison, T. A., Hoover, D. B., & King, M. S. (2003) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.11.003 · Cited by 17
King, M. S. (2003) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00034-0 · Cited by 17
“The gNST can be divided into functional sub-regions along its rostral–caudal extent [21,36,57] .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEndoh, T., Sato, D., Wada, Y., Shibukawa, Y., Ishihara, K., Hashimoto, S., Yoshinari, M., Matsuzaka, K., Tazaki, M., & Inoue, T. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.036 · Cited by 16
“Neurons responsive to both gustatory and lingual somatosensory stimuli have been identified in the NTS (Travers and Norgren, 1995).”
BackgroundLicking and gaping elicited by microstimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract
Kinzeler, N. R., & Travers, S. P. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00189.2008 · Cited by 16
Self-citationSimons, C. T., & Carstens, E. E. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00090-6 · Cited by 18
Anatomy of the Rostral Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
King, M. S. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420005974-7 · Cited by 24
Li, J., & Lemon, C. H. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00736.2014 · Cited by 15
Harrison, T. A. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02449-0 · Cited by 15
Hayakawa, T., Takanaga, A., Tanaka, K., Maeda, S., & Seki, M. (2003) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/s00429-002-0288-z · Cited by 14
“The gustatory afferent fibers project to the rostral part of the lateral subnucleus (lNTS) (Contreras et al. 1982; Travers et al. 1989; Norgren 1985; Travers and Norgren 1995), the glossopharyngeal afferent fibers project mainly to the medial (mNTS), intermediate (imNTS) and interstitial (isNTS)…”
BackgroundChanges in sodium appetite evoked by lesions of the commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Ogihara, C. A., Schoorlemmer, G. H. M., Colombari, E., et al. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2009000600014 · Cited by 13
“br the first relay in the central nervous system for chemoreceptor afferents, but also contains axons of neurons from the rostral NTS, which receives afferents arising from the gastrointestinal tract and gustatory axons from the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves (7-9).”
BackgroundThe effect of hardness of food on amygdalar histamine release in rats
Ishizuka, T., Sako, N., Murotani, T., et al. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.058 · Cited by 13
Pritchard, T. C. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374236-0.10033-1 · Cited by 12
Simonyan, K., Feng, X., Henriquez, V. M., & Ludlow, C. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00097 · Cited by 13
“Examined brainstem regions included the second-order sensory nuclei of laryngeal afferents, that is the NTS, spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5), and intermediate/parvicellular reticular formation (IRF/PCRF) (Altschuler et al., 1989; Patrickson et al., 1991; Travers and Norgren, 1995; Hayakawa et al., 2001); the laryngeal…”
BackgroundDoty, R. L. (2011) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.156 · Cited by 17
Effects of Chorda Tympani Nerve Anesthesia on Taste Responses in the NST
Dinkins, M. E., & Travers, S. P. (1998) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/23.6.661 · Cited by 13
“Surgical preparatory procedures for acute neurophysiologic recording were similar to those described in previous work from this laboratory (e.g. Travers et al, 1986; Travers and Norgren, 1995).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPontine and thalamic influences on fluid rewards: II. Sucrose and corn oil conditioned aversions
Liang, N., Grigson, P. S., & Norgren, R. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.009 · Cited by 12
“In the vicinity of this terminal field, NST neurons respond to tactile stimulation of the intraoral cavity [30, 31].”
BackgroundSelf-citationc-Fos expression in rat brainstem following intake of sucrose or saccharin
Chen, K., Yan, J., Li, J., Lv, B., & Zhao, X. (2011) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-011-0144-8 · Cited by 12
Pontine and thalamic influences on fluid rewards: I. Operant responding for sucrose and corn oil
Liang, N., Freet, C. S., Grigson, P. S., & Norgren, R. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.010 · Cited by 11
“In rats, at least, the neurons that respond best to one or the other stimulus are interdigitated in the nucleus of the solitary tract, the only central taste relay where the issue has been investigated [61].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnatomy of the Rostral Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
King, M. (2006) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781420005974.ch2 · Cited by 11
Brainstem Control of Gastric Function
Rogers, R. C., Hermann, G. E., & Travagli, R. A. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088394-3/50036-2 · Cited by 11
Yokota, T., Eguchi, K., & Hiraba, K. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01031.2012 · Cited by 10
“In studies examining the oral receptive field properties of taste-sensitive neurons in the rNST, oral receptive field configurations in the horizontal plane were associated with afferent projections along the RC axis in the rNST (Halpern and Nelson 1965; Sweazey and Smith 1987; Travers and Norgren 1995).”
BackgroundCentral Taste Anatomy and Physiology of Rodents and Primates
Pritchard, T. C., & Lorenzo, P. M. D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch32 · Cited by 13
A Novel Mechanism for T1R-Independent Taste Responses to Concentrated Sugars
Kalyanasundar, B., Blonde, G. D., Spector, A. C., & Travers, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1760-22.2023 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPark, S. K., Lee, D. S., Bae, J. Y., & Bae, Y. C. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0959-6 · Cited by 9
Effects of high-fat diet and gastric bypass on neurons in the caudal solitary nucleus
Boxwell, A. J., Chen, Z., Mathes, C. M., Spector, A. C., le Roux, C. W., Travers, S. P., & Travers, J. B. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.025 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCorson, J. A., & Bradley, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00167.2013 · Cited by 9
“1990) as well as indirect single-unit localization data without explicit subdivision specificity (Travers and Norgren 1995) suggest gustatory influences (mono- or polysynaptic) on neurons in the ventral subdivision.”
InfluentialProcessing information about flavour
Holley, A. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845691400.1.36 · Cited by 14
Rosen, A. M., & Lorenzo, P. M. D. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.069 · Cited by 9
“In addition, many studies have shown that some NTS cells are responsive to thermal and mechanical stimuli (e.g. Ogawa et al., 1984; Travers and Norgren, 1995), suggesting the possibility that the non-taste-responsive cells were responsive to other sensory modalities.”
Hallock, R. M., & Lorenzo, P. M. D. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.029 · Cited by 8
Altered Taste Responses in Adult NST After Neonatal Chorda Tympani Denervation
Dinkins, M. E., & Travers, S. P. (1999) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2565 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMultimodal sensory interactions
Sinding, C., Saint‐Eve, A., & Thomas‐Danguin, T. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89903-1.00001-3 · Cited by 10
Li, C., Mao, L., & Cho, Y. K. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00791.2007 · Cited by 7
“In rats, some NST neurons responded to taste stimulation of receptor subpopulations innervated by both CT and glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerves (47).”
BackgroundMouse Mandibular Retromolar Taste Buds Associated With a Mucus Salivary Gland
Nguyen, Q. T., Coburn, G. B., Valentino, A., et al. (2021) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjab019 · Cited by 6
“1983, Miller and Smith 1984) and its physiological sensory response to chemical stimulation (Travers and Norgren 1995), several questions remain unanswered.”
BackgroundNovel approaches to the study of viscosity discrimination in rodents
Nakatomi, C., Sako, N., Miyamura, Y., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20441-y · Cited by 6
Cardiovascular mechanisms underlying vocal behavior in freely moving macaque monkeys
Risueno-Segovia, C., Koç, O., Champéroux, P., & Hage, S. R. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103688 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, the laryngeal and articulatory proprioceptive and tactile information from most laryngeal and articulatory muscles are also transferred to NST via the vagus nerve (Altschuler et al., 1989; Hayakawa et al., 2001; Mifflin, 1993; Patrickson et al., 1991; Travers and Norgren, 1995).”
BackgroundCentral Neural Processing of Taste Information
Smith, D. V., & Travers, S. P. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00087-6 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLorenzo, P. M. D., & Youngentob, S. L. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop203010 · Cited by 4
Simons, C. T., & Carstens, E. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24138-2 · Cited by 3
Bales, M. B., & Spector, A. C. (2020) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24928 · Cited by 3
Lorenzo, P. M. D., & Youngentob, S. L. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0310 · Cited by 3
Taste Pathways, Representation and Processing in the Brain
Staszko, S. M., & Boughter, J. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23891-1 · Cited by 2
Stratford, J. M., & Thompson, J. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107238 · Cited by 2
“For instance, caudal portions of the nTS receive both viscerosensory and cardiovascular information from branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves [13,14]; whereas the rostral nTS receives both orosensory and taste input [15,16].”
BackgroundTHE PSYCHOPHYSICS OF SALT TASTE TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS
Geran, L. C. (2003) · Cited by 2
Travers, S. P., & Travers, J. B. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb001014 · Cited by 2
Self-citationIntegration of Taste, Smell, and Chemesthesis: Clinical Implications
Linne, B. M., & Simons, C. T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86282-4_5 · Cited by 1
Bartonjo, J. J., Muccilli, A., & Lundy, R. F. (2025) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjaf059 · Cited by 1
Activation of Neurons in the Rat Medulla Following a Gag Reflex Stimulus
Scarborough, D. R., & Isaacson, L. G. (2014) · International Journal of Speech & Language Pathology and Audiology · doi:10.12970/2311-1917.2014.02.01.2 · Cited by 1
“For example, SolVL has been linked to cessation of breathing [27], Sol M to baroreceptor reflexes with a decrease in parasympathetic innervations of the heart [28], and SolIM to laryngeal and pharyngeal sensation [21, 29].”
BackgroundMorphological Investigation of Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Somatotopy.
Keskil, S., Çalgüner, E., & Gözil, R. (2001) · ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA · doi:10.1267/ahc.34.177 · Cited by 1
Miyaoka, Y., Ashida, I., Yamazaki, T., Ito, N., Tamaki, Y., Kawakami, S.-Y., & Iwamori, H. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2013.35045 · Cited by 1
Lecor, P. A., Sall, O. H., Dieng-Sarr, F. Y., et al. (2016) · Médecine Buccale Chirurgie Buccale · doi:10.1051/mbcb/2016008 · Cited by 1
“Au niveau central, Boucher et al. [15] ont montré que la stimulation électrique de l’extrémité centrale du NAI ipsilatéral entraîne une modulation des réponses gustatives évoquées des neurones rostrolatéraux du NTS. Par ailleurs le NTS reçoit des afférences primaires faciales, vagues, glossopharyngiennes et trigéminal…”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, C.-S., Chung, K.-M., Kim, K., & Cho, Y.-K. (2021) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.6.603 · Cited by 1
“Some NST gustatory neurons also respond to mechanical or thermal stimulation in rodents [47-50].”
BackgroundBradley, R. M. (2006) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781420005974.ch7 · Cited by 1
Characterizing the neuropeptide pathways between the forebrain and the pons.
Al-Magableh, A. (2015) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2080
“Electrophysiological recording of taste responses in the NST demonstrate some degree of convergence from different oral taste receptor populations (Travers and Norgren, 1995).”
BackgroundIngestion of palatable substances in oxytocin knockout mice
Miedlar, J. A. (2007) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in Macaques
Pritchard, T. C., & Scott, T. R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch44
Modulation of Peripheral Taste Function by Glial-like Taste Cells
Sinclair, M. S. (2012)
Rubio-Navarro, L., Torrero, C., Regalado, M., & Salas, M. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2012.23033
Lecor, P. A., Sall, O. H., Dieng-Sarr, F. Y., et al. (2015) · Médecine Buccale Chirurgie Buccale · doi:10.1051/mbcb/2015050
“Cette hypothèse a été confirmée par les travaux menés par Boucher et al. (2003) [15] qui ont montré que les réponses gustatives évoquées des neurones du NTS étaient diminuées par la stimulation électrique de l’extrémité périphérique du nerf mandibulaire ipsilatéral.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuropsychopharmacology of appetite in healthy volunteers
Thomas, J. M. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Töle, J., Stolzenburg, A., Tyree, S. M., Stähler, F., & Meyerhof, W. (2018) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjy017
“Neurons responding to orotactile stimuli are located laterally within the rostrolateral nucleus, whereas neurons receiving gustatory input are located more medially in the rostrocentral nucleus (Travers and Norgren 1995; Corson et al.”
BackgroundPhysiologie et pathologie du goût
Braud, A., & Boucher, Y. (2019) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1877-7864(18)54830-8
Gingival Taste Bud Papillae Associated with Retromolar Salivary Gland
Nguyen, Q. T., Tizzano, M., Karabucak, B., et al. (2019) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Neuweiler, G., & Heldmaier, G. (2003) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55699-9_4
Heldmaier, G., Neuweiler, G., & Rößler, W. (2012) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25155-9_13
Kalyanasundar, B., Blonde, G. D., Spector, A. C., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508275
“Four sutures were secured on the corners of the lips, and a suture was passed superficially on the tongue anterior to the foliate papillae to examine and facilitate the stimulus flow (Norgren et al., 1989; Frank, 1991; Travers and Norgren, 1995; Breza and Travers, 2016; Kalyanasundar et al., 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationThe Molecular Basis of Sour Sensing in Mammals
Ho, J., Matsunami, H., & Ishimaru, Y. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1683-2_3
“In the oral cavity, there are three major gustatory regions where taste buds are abundantly distributed: the circumvallate papillae (CvP), foliate papillae (FoP), and fungiform papillae (FuP), all found on the tongue, and also distributed singly on the soft palate ([47, 59, 60, 62, 67, 77]; Fig.”
BackgroundKing, M., Lu, L., Fletcher, M. L., & Boughter, J. D. (2026) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-026-03095-8
“Although we did not find a significant effect of stimulus in the NST-C, or the other NST subareas, we found that infusion of Q or S but not W activated more neu - rons in that subarea than in the NST-L (which is primar - ily involved in orotactile processing; Travers and Norgren 1995 ).”
Rôle des stimuli sensoriels et de la palatabilité dans la prise orale de nicotine chez la souris
Tannous, S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/eaa3d755ze7a1z4017z893dz1b7fd3cd4d8d
Somatostatin neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract are functionally heterogeneousPreprint
Kalyanasundar, B., Klimovich, C., & Travers, S. P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.21.719923
Self-citationSublingual Caruncle Taste Buds Drive Taste Perception and Salivary Reflexes
Liu, J., Xi, R., Han, M., Xu, X., & Tizzano, M. (2026) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345261451849
Lundy, R. F., Norgren, R., & Evrard, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24078-2.00025-5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Travers, S. P., & Norgren, R.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- ORCID
- Travers, S. P.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1995-06-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2144-2162
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1748514475
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r01dc000415-03)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC00416, DC-00415)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- nucleus tractus solitarius, gustatory neurons, receptive field organization, topographic organization, tongue, soft palate, circumvallate papillae, single-unit recording
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Male, Mouth, Neurons, Sensory Receptor Cells, Stimulation, Chemical, Sucrose, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Solitary Nucleus, Rats
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