Graves’ Disease as a Manifestation of Immune Reconstitution in HIV-Infected Individuals after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Open accessAbstract
Graves' disease after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in certain HIV-1-infected individuals has been described as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This phenomenon should be suspected in individuals who present with clinical deterioration and a presentation suggestive of hyperthyroidism despite good virological and immunological response to HAART. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may be discrete or overt and typically develop 8-33 months after initiating therapy. One to two percent of HIV-infected patients can present with overt thyroid disease. Relatively few cases of Graves' IRIS have been reported in the literature to date. We describe four cases of Graves' IRIS in HIV-infected patients who were started on HAART therapy.
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Among HIV patients, Graves' disease occurred 8-33 months (mean 17 months) after HAART initiation.
“Among HIV patients GD occurred 8-33 months (mean 17 months) after HAART initiation [15-21].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Rasul, S., Delapenha, R., Farhat, F., Gajjala, J., & Zahra, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Howard University Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rasul, Samad
- ORCID
- Farhat, Faria
- Venue
- AIDS Research and Treatment
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2011
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 2090-1240 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-1259
- PMC
- PMC3144671
- OpenAlex
- W1981812592
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- AIDS Research and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- Graves' disease, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, HIV infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy, hyperthyroidism, thyroid dysfunction
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