Toothbrush Contamination: A Review of the Literature
Open accessAbstract
Toothbrushes are commonly used in hospital settings and may harbor potentially harmful microorganisms. A peer-reviewed literature review was conducted to evaluate the cumulative state of knowledge related to toothbrush contamination and its possible role in disease transmission. A systematic review was conducted on adult human subjects through three distinct searches. The review resulted in seven experimental and three descriptive studies which identified multiple concepts related to toothbrush contamination to include contamination, methods for decontamination, storage, design, and environmental factors. The selected studies found that toothbrushes of healthy and oral diseased adults become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria from the dental plaque, design, environment, or a combination of factors. There are no studies that specifically examine toothbrush contamination and the role of environmental factors, toothbrush contamination, and vulnerable populations in the hospital setting (e.g., critically ill adults) and toothbrush use in nursing clinical practice.
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Certain bacteria, such as some Clostridia and Prevotella species, have been associated with taste thresholds, such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, plausibly representing a mechanism by which the oral microbiota influences dietary preferences.
“Certain bacteria, such as some Clostridia and Prevotella species, have been associated with taste thresholds, such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, plausibly representing a mechanism by which the oral microbiota influences dietary preferences to sustain its membership and persistence in the oral cavity.27, 28”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Toothbrushes themselves can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria that can then inoculate the oral cavity.
“Toothbrushes themselves, however, can also serve as reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria that can then inoculate the oral cavity, bringing into view the importance of properly sanitizing and storing personal dental hygiene equipment.28, 33”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
During normal use, toothbrushes become heavily contaminated from sources including the oral cavity, environment, hands, aerosol, and storage containers.
“A previous review highlights that during normal use, toothbrushes become heavily contaminated from sources including the oral cavity, environment, hands, aerosol, and storage containers.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
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Oral-Periodontal Health and Cytokine Storm: Correlation and Preventive Measures
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Are COVID ‐19 patients given adequate instructions about toothbrush hygiene? A cross‐sectional study
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- Authors
- Frazelle, M. R., & Munro, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frazelle, Michelle R.
- ORCID
- Munro, Cindy L.
- Venue
- Nursing Research and Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 2090-1429 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-1437
- PMC
- PMC3270454
- OpenAlex
- W2030178614
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nursing Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Nosocomial Infections in ICU
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- toothbrush contamination, dental plaque, pathogenic bacteria, disease transmission, toothbrush storage, toothbrush design, hospital settings, critically ill patients, nursing practice
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