Global Patterns of Prostate Cancer Incidence, Aggressiveness, and Mortality in Men of African Descent
Open accessAbstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the leading cancer among men of African descent in the USA, Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The estimated number of CaP deaths in SSA during 2008 was more than five times that among African Americans and is expected to double in Africa by 2030. We summarize publicly available CaP data and collected data from the men of African descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP) Consortium and the African Caribbean Cancer Consortium (AC3) to evaluate CaP incidence and mortality in men of African descent worldwide. CaP incidence and mortality are highest in men of African descent in the USA and the Caribbean. Tumor stage and grade were highest in SSA. We report a higher proportion of T1 stage prostate tumors in countries with greater percent gross domestic product spent on health care and physicians per 100,000 persons. We also observed that regions with a higher proportion of advanced tumors reported lower mortality rates. This finding suggests that CaP is underdiagnosed and/or underreported in SSA men. Nonetheless, CaP incidence and mortality represent a significant public health problem in men of African descent around the world.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Elevated incidence of prostate cancer in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan African countries may reflect in part increased genetic susceptibility, given that multiple genetic variants associated with disease risk are more frequent in men with Western African ancestry.
“Of note, elevated incidence of prostate cancer in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan African countries may reflect in part increased genetic susceptibility, given that multiple genetic variants associated with disease risk are more frequent in men with Western African ancestry.85,86”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008
Ferlay, J., Shin, H., Bray, F., Forman, D., Mathers, C. D., & Parkin, D. M. (2010) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.25516 · Cited by 21,468 · see citing works
A Multiethnic Cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: Baseline Characteristics
Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., Hankin, J. H., Nomura, A. M. Y., Wilkens, L. R., Pike, M. C., Stram, D. O., Monroe, K. R., Earle, M. E., & Nagamine, F. S. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010213 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Self-citationEtzioni, R. (2002) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/94.13.981 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
Boyle, P., & Levin, B. L. (2009) · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Amirimani, B., Walker, A., Weber, B., & Rebbeck, T. R. (1999) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/91.18.1588 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational epidemiology of prostate cancer: Geographical distribution and secular trends
Baade, P. D., Youlden, D. R., & Krnjacki, L. J. (2008) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700511 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Modification of Clinical Presentation of Prostate Tumors by a Novel Genetic Variant in CYP3A4
Rebbeck, T. R., Jaffe, J. M., Walker, A. H., Wein, A. J., & Malkowicz, S. B. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.16.1225 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationCatàlona, W. J., Southwick, P. C., Slawin, K. M., et al. (2000) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00637-3 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Cancer in Africa : epidemiology and prevention
Parkin, D. M. (2003) · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Odedina, F. T., Akinremi, T. O., Chinegwundoh, F., et al. (2009) · Infectious Agents and Cancer · doi:10.1186/1750-9378-4-s1-s2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Sun Exposure, Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, and Risk of Advanced Prostate Cancer
John, E. M., Schwartz, G. G., Koo, J., Berg, D. V. D., & Ingles, S. A. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3134 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationHaiman, C. A., Chen, G. K., Blot, W. J., Strom, S. S., Berndt, S. I., Kittles, R. A., Rybicki, B. A., Isaacs, W. B., Ingles, S. A., Stanford, J. L., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.839 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationBunker, C. H., Patrick, A. L., Konety, B. R., Dhir, R., Brufsky, A., Vivas, C., Becich, M. J., Trump, D. L., & Kuller, L. H. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationStatin Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from a Population-based Epidemiologic Study
Agalliu, I., Salinas, C. A., Hansten, P. D., Ostrander, E. A., & Stanford, J. L. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn141 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationVasectomy and risk of prostate cancer.
Stanford, J. L., Wicklund, K. G., McKnight, B., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing Genetic Risk at Known Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Loci in African Americans
Haiman, C. A., Chen, G. K., Blot, W. J., Strom, S. S., Berndt, S. I., Kittles, R. A., Rybicki, B. A., Isaacs, W. B., Ingles, S. A., Stanford, J. L., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001387 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationProstate Cancer in Nigerians: Facts and Nonfacts
Osegbe, D. N. (1997) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64966-8 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Validation of Genome-Wide Prostate Cancer Associations in Men of African Descent
Chang, B., Spangler, E., Gallagher, S. M., Haiman, C. A., Henderson, B. E., Isaacs, W. B., Benford, M. L., Kidd, L. R., Cooney, K. A., Strom, S. S., et al. (2011) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0698 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationRybicki, B. A., Neslund-Dudas, C. M., Nock, N. L., et al. (2006) · Cancer Detection and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2006.09.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationBeuten, J., Gelfond, J., Franke, J. L., Weldon, K. S., Crandall, A. C., Johnson‐Pais, T. L., Thompson, I. M., & Leach, R. J. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0076 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationCooney, K. A., Strawderman, M. S., Wojno, K. J., Doerr, K., Taylor, A., Alcser, K. H., Heeringa, S. G., Taylor, J. M. G., Wei, J. T., Montie, J. E., et al. (2001) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00873-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms in West Africans
Chokkalingam, A. P., Yeboah, E. D., DeMarzo, A., et al. (2011) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/pcan.2011.43 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationBreast and cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010
Ferlay, J., Forman, D., Mathers, C. D., & Bray, F. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60595-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Jackson, M. A., Kovi, J., Heshmat, M. Y., et al. (1980) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.2990010205 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Liu, X., Plummer, S. J., Nock, N. L., Casey, G., & Witte, J. S. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj294 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationCancer Incidence and Mortality in the Caribbean
Phillips, A. A., Jacobson, J. S., Magai, C., et al. (2007) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1080/07357900701359841 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Prostate Cancer Risk Associated Loci in African Americans
Xu, J., Kibel, A. S., Hu, J. J., Turner, A. R., Pruett, K., Zheng, S. L., Sun, J., Isaacs, S. D., Wiley, K. E., Kim, S., et al. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0091 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCompleteness in an African cancer registry
Parkin, D. M., Wabinga, H., & Nambooze, S. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008966225984 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Prevalence of elevated serum prostate‐specific antigen in rural Nigeria
Ukoli, F. A. M., Osime, U., Akereyeni, F., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Urology · doi:10.1046/j.1442-2042.2003.00633.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gueye, S. M. K., Zeigler-Johnson, C. M., Friebel, T. M., et al. (2003) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02588-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Polymorphisms in HSD3B1 and UGT2B17 and Prostate Cancer Risk
Park, J. Y., Tanner, J.-P., Sellers, T. A., Huang, Y., Stevens, C. K., Dossett, N., Shankar, R. A., Zachariah, B., Heysek, R. V., & Pow‐Sang, J. M. (2007) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.03.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationKnowledge of Prostate Cancer Screening Among Native African Urban Population in Nigeria.
Ajape, A. A., Babata, A., & Abiola, O. O. (2010) · Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.4314/nqjhm.v19i3.54494 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Association of chromosome 8q variants with prostate cancer risk in Caucasian and Hispanic men
Beuten, J., Gelfond, J., Martínez‐Fierro, M. L., et al. (2009) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp148 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
RE: PROSTATE CANCER IN NIGERIANS: FACTS AND NONFACTS
Angwafo, F. F. I. (1998) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63068-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Correlation of serum PSA and Gleason score in Nigerian men with prostate cancer
Okolo, C., Akinosun, O., Shittu, O. B., et al. (2008) · African Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/bf02994508 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment Program: A 10-Year Update of Cancer Detection
Giri, V. N., Beebe‐Dimmer, J., Buyyounouski, M., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationProstate cancer in African-American men and polymorphism in the calcium-sensing receptor
Schwartz, G. G., John, E. M., Rowland, G. W., et al. (2010) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.4161/cbt.9.12.11689 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationProstate cancer in Mexican‐Americans: Identification of risk factors
Strom, S. S., Yamamura, Y., Flores‐Sandoval, F. N., et al. (2008) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.20713 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationClinicopathological features of prostate cancer in Jamaican men
Shirley, S., Escoffery, C., Sargeant, L. A., et al. (2002) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1046/j.1464-4096.2001.01871.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mutetwa, B., Taioli, E., Attong‐Rogers, A., et al. (2010) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.21144 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Potential selection bias in a community-based study of PSA levels in African-American men
Heeringa, S. G., Alcser, K. H., Doerr, K., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00270-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Coard, K. C. M., & Skeete, D. H.-A. (2008) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08265.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
COX-2 promoter polymorphisms and the association with prostate cancer risk in South African men
Fernandez, P., de Beer, P. M., van der Merwe, L., & Heyns, C. F. (2008) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn245 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHeath, A. S., Street, D. G., & Harris, L. (2010) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Prostate specific antigen in the Nigerian African.
Abbiyesuku, F. M., Shittu, O. B., Oduwole, O. O., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Benford, M. L., VanCleave, T. T., Lavender, N., et al. (2010) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-334 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A study of PSA values in an unselected sample of Senegalese men.
Jalloh, M., Zeigler-Johnson, C. M., Niang, M. S., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationProstate specific antigen in Africans: a study in Nigerian men
Iya, D., Chanchani, S., Belmonte, J., et al. (2004) · Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.4314/njsr.v5i3.12252 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 2000, African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 29, 97
- 2009, Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 19, 145
- 2003, Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research, 5, 114
- 1999, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 8, 881
- 2008, The Canadian journal of urology, 15, 3883
- 2002, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 11, 726
- 2012, The Lancet, 379, 1390
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21660 · Cited by 108,699 · see citing works
Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2018) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21492 · Cited by 84,109 · see citing works
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024) · CA: a cancer journal for clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21834 · Cited by 27,064 · see citing works
“85,86 Differences in diagnostic practices at the national level are a driving factor explaining much of the marked variations in prostate cancer incidence worldwide.”
Background
- Authors
- Rebbeck, T. R., Devesa, S. S., Chang, B.-L., Bunker, C. H., Cheng, I., Cooney, K., Eeles, R., Fernandez, P., Giri, V. N., Gueye, S. M., Haiman, C. A., Henderson, B. E., Heyns, C. F., Hu, J. J., Ingles, S. A., Isaacs, W., Jalloh, M., John, E. M., Kibel, A. S., Kidd, L. R., Layne, P., Leach, R. J., Neslund-Dudas, C., Okobia, M. N., Ostrander, E. A., Park, J. Y., Patrick, A. L., Phelan, C. M., Ragin, C., Roberts, R. A., Rybicki, B. A., Stanford, J. L., Strom, S., Thompson, I. M., Witte, J., Xu, J., Yeboah, E., Hsing, A. W., & Zeigler-Johnson, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Abramson Cancer Center (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Fox Chase Cancer Center (US)
- Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (SN)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Louisville (US)
- Guyana Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health, Queenstown, Guyana
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Henry Ford Health (US)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (US)
- Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
- Tobago Health Studies Office, Scarborough, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago
- University of the West Indies (BS)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Ghana (GH)
- Corresponding author
- Rebbeck, Timothy R.
- ORCID
- Rebbeck, Timothy R.
- Devesa, Susan S.
- Bunker, Clareann H.
- Cheng, Iona
- Cooney, Kathleen
- Eeles, Rosalind
- Fernandez, Pedro
- Giri, Veda N.
- Haiman, Christopher A.
- Hu, Jennifer J.
- Ingles, Sue Ann
- Isaacs, William
- Jalloh, Mohamed
- John, Esther M.
- Kibel, Adam S.
- Kidd, LaCreis R.
- Leach, Robin J.
- Neslund-Dudas, Christine
- Ostrander, Elaine A.
- Park, Jong Y.
- Ragin, Camille
- Roberts, Robin A.
- Rybicki, Benjamin A.
- Stanford, Janet L.
- Thompson, Ian M.
- Witte, John
- Xu, Jianfeng
- Yeboah, Edward
- Hsing, Ann W.
- Zeigler-Johnson, Charnita M.
- Venue
- Prostate Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 2013
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 2090-3111 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-312X
- PMC
- PMC3583061
- OpenAlex
- W2160780272
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 10.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Prostate Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA88164, CA127298, CA056678, CA092579, CA84979, CA68578, DAMD W81XWH-07-1-0645-01, P50-CA140388, CA128813, CA63464, CA54281, CA103359, CA128028, CA84950, C5047/A7357, CA085074, P50-CA105641, CA86402, TURSG-03-152-01-CCE, R01CA112028)
- U.S. Department of Defense (CA88164, CA127298, CA056678, CA092579, CA84979, CA68578, DAMD W81XWH-07-1-0645-01, P50-CA140388, CA128813, CA63464, CA54281, CA103359, CA128028, CA84950, C5047/A7357, CA085074, P50-CA105641, CA86402, TURSG-03-152-01-CCE, R01CA112028)
- Cancer Research UK (CA88164, CA127298, CA056678, CA092579, CA84979, CA68578, DAMD W81XWH-07-1-0645-01, P50-CA140388, CA128813, CA63464, CA54281, CA103359, CA128028, CA84950, C5047/A7357, CA085074, P50-CA105641, CA86402, TURSG-03-152-01-CCE, R01CA112028)
- American Cancer Society (CA88164, CA127298, CA056678, CA092579, CA84979, CA68578, DAMD W81XWH-07-1-0645-01, P50-CA140388, CA128813, CA63464, CA54281, CA103359, CA128028, CA84950, C5047/A7357, CA085074, P50-CA105641, CA86402, TURSG-03-152-01-CCE, R01CA112028)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Keywords
- prostate cancer incidence, prostate cancer mortality, tumor aggressiveness, tumor stage, tumor grade, sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean, African Americans, underdiagnosis, health care expenditure, physician density, global cancer epidemiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
